| Record Information |
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| Version | 2.0 |
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| Created at | 2022-09-04 02:20:44 UTC |
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| Updated at | 2022-09-04 02:20:44 UTC |
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| NP-MRD ID | NP0186478 |
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| Secondary Accession Numbers | None |
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| Natural Product Identification |
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| Common Name | (1r,4z,6s,7r,11z)-4-ethylidene-7-hydroxy-6,7,14-trimethyl-2,9-dioxa-14-azabicyclo[9.5.1]heptadec-11-ene-3,8,17-trione |
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| Description | Senkirkine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as macrolides and analogues. These are organic compounds containing a lactone ring of at least twelve members. (1r,4z,6s,7r,11z)-4-ethylidene-7-hydroxy-6,7,14-trimethyl-2,9-dioxa-14-azabicyclo[9.5.1]heptadec-11-ene-3,8,17-trione is found in Chersodoma jodopappa, Farfugium japonicum, Gynura procumbens, Packera anonyma, Packera glabella, Petasites hybridus, Petasites japonicus, Petasites pyrenaicus, Petasites spurius, Senecio deferens, Senecio gallicus, Senecio glaucus, Senecio inaequidens, Jacobaea vulgaris, Senecio leptolobus, Senecio rodriguezii, Senecio vernalis, Telanthophora grandifolia and Tussilago farfara. (1r,4z,6s,7r,11z)-4-ethylidene-7-hydroxy-6,7,14-trimethyl-2,9-dioxa-14-azabicyclo[9.5.1]heptadec-11-ene-3,8,17-trione was first documented in 2017 (PMID: 28165832). Based on a literature review a significant number of articles have been published on Senkirkine (PMID: 34185104) (PMID: 34581050) (PMID: 33774095) (PMID: 32419051) (PMID: 35700647) (PMID: 34297098). |
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| Structure | C\C=C1\C[C@H](C)[C@@](C)(O)C(=O)OC\C2=C\CN(C)CC[C@@H](OC1=O)C2=O InChI=1S/C19H27NO6/c1-5-13-10-12(2)19(3,24)18(23)25-11-14-6-8-20(4)9-7-15(16(14)21)26-17(13)22/h5-6,12,15,24H,7-11H2,1-4H3/b13-5-,14-6-/t12-,15+,19+/m0/s1 |
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| Synonyms | | Value | Source |
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| Neosenkirkine | MeSH | | Senkirkine, (15E)-isomer | MeSH |
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| Chemical Formula | C19H27NO6 |
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| Average Mass | 365.4260 Da |
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| Monoisotopic Mass | 365.18384 Da |
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| IUPAC Name | (1R,4Z,6S,7R,11Z)-4-ethylidene-7-hydroxy-6,7,14-trimethyl-2,9-dioxa-14-azabicyclo[9.5.1]heptadec-11-ene-3,8,17-trione |
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| Traditional Name | (1R,4Z,6S,7R,11Z)-4-ethylidene-7-hydroxy-6,7,14-trimethyl-2,9-dioxa-14-azabicyclo[9.5.1]heptadec-11-ene-3,8,17-trione |
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| CAS Registry Number | Not Available |
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| SMILES | C\C=C1\C[C@H](C)[C@@](C)(O)C(=O)OC\C2=C\CN(C)CC[C@@H](OC1=O)C2=O |
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| InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C19H27NO6/c1-5-13-10-12(2)19(3,24)18(23)25-11-14-6-8-20(4)9-7-15(16(14)21)26-17(13)22/h5-6,12,15,24H,7-11H2,1-4H3/b13-5-,14-6-/t12-,15+,19+/m0/s1 |
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| InChI Key | HPDHKHMHQGCNPE-AVAFHTDCSA-N |
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| Experimental Spectra |
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| Not Available | | Predicted Spectra |
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| | Spectrum Type | Description | Depositor ID | Depositor Organization | Depositor | Deposition Date | View |
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| 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 25 MHz, H2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, H2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 252 MHz, H2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, H2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 50 MHz, H2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, H2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 75 MHz, H2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, H2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 101 MHz, H2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, H2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 126 MHz, H2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 151 MHz, H2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 176 MHz, H2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, H2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 201 MHz, H2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, H2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 226 MHz, H2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, H2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum |
| | Chemical Shift Submissions |
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| Not Available | | Species |
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| Species of Origin | |
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| Chemical Taxonomy |
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| Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as macrolides and analogues. These are organic compounds containing a lactone ring of at least twelve members. |
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| Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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| Super Class | Phenylpropanoids and polyketides |
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| Class | Macrolides and analogues |
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| Sub Class | Not Available |
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| Direct Parent | Macrolides and analogues |
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| Alternative Parents | |
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| Substituents | - Macrolide
- Alpha-acyloxy ketone
- Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
- Tertiary alcohol
- Enoate ester
- Alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester
- Amino acid or derivatives
- Carboxylic acid ester
- Ketone
- Lactone
- Tertiary amine
- Tertiary aliphatic amine
- Carboxylic acid derivative
- Oxacycle
- Azacycle
- Organoheterocyclic compound
- Organic oxide
- Organooxygen compound
- Organonitrogen compound
- Organic oxygen compound
- Alcohol
- Amine
- Organic nitrogen compound
- Carbonyl group
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Aliphatic heteropolycyclic compound
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| Molecular Framework | Aliphatic heteropolycyclic compounds |
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| External Descriptors | Not Available |
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| Physical Properties |
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| State | Not Available |
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| Experimental Properties | | Property | Value | Reference |
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| Melting Point | Not Available | Not Available | | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | | Water Solubility | Not Available | Not Available | | LogP | Not Available | Not Available |
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| Predicted Properties | |
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| General References | - Buchmueller J, Sprenger H, Ebmeyer J, Rasinger JD, Creutzenberg O, Schaudien D, Hengstler JG, Guenther G, Braeuning A, Hessel-Pras S: Pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced transcriptomic changes in rat lungs in a 28-day subacute feeding study. Arch Toxicol. 2021 Aug;95(8):2785-2796. doi: 10.1007/s00204-021-03108-x. Epub 2021 Jun 29. [PubMed:34185104 ]
- Adefegha SA, Oboh G, Okeke BM, Oyeleye SI: Comparative Effects of Alkaloid Extracts from Aframomum melegueta (Alligator Pepper) and Aframomum danielli (Bastered Melegueta) on Enzymes Relevant to Erectile Dysfunction. J Diet Suppl. 2017 Sep 3;14(5):542-552. doi: 10.1080/19390211.2016.1272661. Epub 2017 Feb 6. [PubMed:28165832 ]
- Zan K, Zhou Y, Li YL, Wang Y, Liu LN, Jin HY, Zuo TT, Ma SC: [Simultaneous determination of six pyrrolizidine alkaloids in different parts of Emilia sonchifolia by UPLC-MS/MS]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2021 Sep;46(17):4456-4461. doi: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20210623.202. [PubMed:34581050 ]
- Zhang Y, Yang FF, Chen H, Qi YD, Si JY, Wu Q, Liao YH: Analysis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Eupatorium fortunei Turcz. and their in vitro neurotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol. 2021 May;151:112151. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112151. Epub 2021 Mar 25. [PubMed:33774095 ]
- Ebmeyer J, Rasinger JD, Hengstler JG, Schaudien D, Creutzenberg O, Lampen A, Braeuning A, Hessel-Pras S: Hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids induce DNA damage response in rat liver in a 28-day feeding study. Arch Toxicol. 2020 May;94(5):1739-1751. doi: 10.1007/s00204-020-02779-2. Epub 2020 May 17. [PubMed:32419051 ]
- Xiao Y, Yi H, Wang G, Chen S, Li X, Wu Q, Zhang S, Deng K, He Y, Yang X: Electrochemiluminescence sensor for point-of-care detection of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Talanta. 2022 Nov 1;249:123645. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123645. Epub 2022 Jun 1. [PubMed:35700647 ]
- Jeong SH, Choi EY, Kim J, Lee C, Kang J, Cho S, Ko KY: LC-ESI-MS/MS Simultaneous Analysis Method Coupled with Cation-Exchange Solid-Phase Extraction for Determination of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids on Five Kinds of Herbal Medicines. J AOAC Int. 2021 Dec 11;104(6):1514-1525. doi: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsab098. [PubMed:34297098 ]
- Klevenhusen F, These A, Taenzer J, Weiss K, Pieper R: Effects of ensiling conditions on pyrrolizidine alkaloid degradation in silages mixed with two different Senecio spp. Arch Anim Nutr. 2022 Apr;76(2):93-111. doi: 10.1080/1745039X.2022.2084321. Epub 2022 Jun 29. [PubMed:35766237 ]
- Kamiya Y, Miura T, Kato A, Murayama N, Shimizu M, Yamazaki H: Plasma Concentration Profiles for Hepatotoxic Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Senkirkine in Humans Extrapolated from Rat Data Sets Using a Simplified Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model. Drug Metab Bioanal Lett. 2022;15(1):64-69. doi: 10.2174/1872312801666211220110055. [PubMed:34931973 ]
- Yang M, Tan D, Lu A, Qin L, Wang C, Ling H, Lu Y, He Y: Identification and Simultaneous Determination of the Main Toxical Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in a Compound Prescription of Traditional Chinese Medicine: Qianbai Biyan Tablet. Int J Anal Chem. 2021 Sep 9;2021:5209618. doi: 10.1155/2021/5209618. eCollection 2021. [PubMed:34539789 ]
- Kisielius V, Hama JR, Skrbic N, Hansen HCB, Strobel BW, Rasmussen LH: The invasive butterbur contaminates stream and seepage water in groundwater wells with toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Sci Rep. 2020 Nov 13;10(1):19784. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-76586-1. [PubMed:33188248 ]
- Li X, He X, Chen S, Guo X, Bryant MS, Guo L, Manjanatha MG, Zhou T, Witt KL, Mei N: Evaluation of pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced genotoxicity using metabolically competent TK6 cell lines. Food Chem Toxicol. 2020 Nov;145:111662. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111662. Epub 2020 Aug 13. [PubMed:32798647 ]
- Klevenhusen F, Pieper R, Winter J, Ronczka S, Speer K: Stability of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Senecio vernalis in grass silage under different ensilage conditions. J Sci Food Agric. 2019 Nov;99(14):6649-6654. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.9963. Epub 2019 Sep 2. [PubMed:31368529 ]
- He X, Xia Q, Gamboa da Costa G, Lin G, Fu PP: 1-Formyl-7-hydroxy-6,7-dihydro-5 H-pyrrolizine (1-CHO-DHP): A Potential Proximate Carcinogenic Metabolite of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids. Chem Res Toxicol. 2019 Jun 17;32(6):1193-1203. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00038. Epub 2019 Jun 3. [PubMed:31120748 ]
- Kitajima M, Okabe K, Yoshida M, Nakabayashi R, Saito K, Kogure N, Takayama H: New otonecine-type pyrrolizidine alkaloid from Petasites japonicus. J Nat Med. 2019 Jun;73(3):602-607. doi: 10.1007/s11418-019-01285-9. Epub 2019 Feb 19. [PubMed:30784002 ]
- Ebmeyer J, Behrend J, Lorenz M, Gunther G, Reif R, Hengstler JG, Braeuning A, Lampen A, Hessel-Pras S: Pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced alterations of prostanoid synthesis in human endothelial cells. Chem Biol Interact. 2019 Jan 25;298:104-111. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.11.007. Epub 2018 Nov 19. [PubMed:30465738 ]
- Muluneh F, Hakkinen MR, El-Dairi R, Pasanen M, Juvonen RO: New glutathione conjugate of pyrrolizidine alkaloids produced by human cytosolic enzyme-dependent reactions in vitro. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2018 Aug 30;32(16):1344-1352. doi: 10.1002/rcm.8173. [PubMed:29788543 ]
- Waizenegger J, Braeuning A, Templin M, Lampen A, Hessel-Pras S: Structure-dependent induction of apoptosis by hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the human hepatoma cell line HepaRG: Single versus repeated exposure. Food Chem Toxicol. 2018 Apr;114:215-226. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.02.036. Epub 2018 Feb 16. [PubMed:29458164 ]
- Cheng X, Liao M, Diao X, Sun Y, Zhang L: Screening and identification of metabolites of two kinds of main active ingredients and hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in rat after lavage Farfarae Flos extract by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr. 2018 Feb;32(2). doi: 10.1002/bmc.4047. Epub 2017 Aug 18. [PubMed:28702943 ]
- LOTUS database [Link]
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