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Record Information
Version1.0
Created at2022-09-02 13:22:52 UTC
Updated at2022-09-02 13:22:52 UTC
NP-MRD IDNP0156207
Secondary Accession NumbersNone
Natural Product Identification
Common Name3-[2-hydroxy-5-(5-hydroxy-1h-indol-3-yl)-1h-pyrrol-3-yl]indol-2-one
DescriptionViolacein belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxyindoles. These are organic compounds containing an indole moiety that carries a hydroxyl group. 3-[2-hydroxy-5-(5-hydroxy-1h-indol-3-yl)-1h-pyrrol-3-yl]indol-2-one is found in Chromobacterium violaceum. It was first documented in 2019 (PMID: 31557052). Based on a literature review a significant number of articles have been published on Violacein (PMID: 35624712) (PMID: 35884107) (PMID: 35956830) (PMID: 35910130) (PMID: 35907084) (PMID: 35876575).
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
ValueSource
3-(1,2-Dihydro-5-(5-hydroxy-1H-indole-3-yl)-2-oxo-3H-pyrrol-3-ylidene)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indole-2-oneHMDB
(3E)-3-(1,2-Dihydro-5-(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-2-oxo-3H-pyrrol-3-ylidene)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-oneHMDB
Chemical FormulaC20H13N3O3
Average Mass343.3420 Da
Monoisotopic Mass343.09569 Da
IUPAC Name3-[2-hydroxy-5-(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]-2H-indol-2-one
Traditional Name3-[2-hydroxy-5-(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]indol-2-one
CAS Registry NumberNot Available
SMILES
OC1=C(C=C(N1)C1=CNC2=CC=C(O)C=C12)C1=C2C=CC=CC2=NC1=O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C20H13N3O3/c24-10-5-6-15-12(7-10)14(9-21-15)17-8-13(19(25)23-17)18-11-3-1-2-4-16(11)22-20(18)26/h1-9,21,23-25H
InChI KeySHLJIZCPRXXHHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Experimental Spectra
Not Available
Predicted Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionDepositor IDDepositor OrganizationDepositorDeposition DateView
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 25 MHz, H2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, H2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 252 MHz, H2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, H2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 50 MHz, H2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, H2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 75 MHz, H2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, H2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 101 MHz, H2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, H2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 126 MHz, H2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 151 MHz, H2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 176 MHz, H2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, H2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 201 MHz, H2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, H2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 226 MHz, H2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, H2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
Chemical Shift Submissions
Not Available
Species
Species of Origin
Species NameSourceReference
Chromobacterium violaceumLOTUS Database
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxyindoles. These are organic compounds containing an indole moiety that carries a hydroxyl group.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganoheterocyclic compounds
ClassIndoles and derivatives
Sub ClassHydroxyindoles
Direct ParentHydroxyindoles
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Hydroxyindole
  • Indole
  • 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid
  • Benzenoid
  • Substituted pyrrole
  • Heteroaromatic compound
  • Pyrrole
  • N-acylimine
  • Azacycle
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External DescriptorsNot Available
Physical Properties
StateNot Available
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting PointNot AvailableNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
logP3.81ALOGPS
logP2.67ChemAxon
logS-4ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)7.67ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)0.055ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count4ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count4ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area101.47 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count2ChemAxon
Refractivity99.46 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability35.99 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings5ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
HMDB IDHMDB0259831
DrugBank IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FoodDB IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDC00029223
Chemspider ID78435916
KEGG Compound IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkViolacein
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound11053
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
General References
  1. Barupal DK, Fiehn O: Generating the Blood Exposome Database Using a Comprehensive Text Mining and Database Fusion Approach. Environ Health Perspect. 2019 Sep;127(9):97008. doi: 10.1289/EHP4713. Epub 2019 Sep 26. [PubMed:31557052 ]
  2. Cheng KC, Hsiao HC, Hou YC, Hsieh CW, Hsu HY, Chen HY, Lin SP: Improvement in Violacein Production by Utilizing Formic Acid to Induce Quorum Sensing in Chromobacterium violaceum. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Apr 26;11(5). pii: antiox11050849. doi: 10.3390/antiox11050849. [PubMed:35624712 ]
  3. Awadelkareem AM, Al-Shammari E, Elkhalifa AO, Adnan M, Siddiqui AJ, Patel M, Khan MI, Mehmood K, Ashfaq F, Badraoui R, Ashraf SA: Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles from Eruca sativa Miller Leaf Extract Exhibits Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Anti-Quorum-Sensing, Antibiofilm, and Anti-Metastatic Activities. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022 Jun 25;11(7):853. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics11070853. [PubMed:35884107 ]
  4. Li YL, Chu ZY, Liu GM, Yang SQ, Zeng H: The Derived Components of Gnaphalium hypoleucum DC. Reduce Quorum Sensing of Chromobacterium violaceum. Molecules. 2022 Jul 30;27(15):4881. doi: 10.3390/molecules27154881. [PubMed:35956830 ]
  5. Kachhadia R, Kapadia C, Singh S, Gandhi K, Jajda H, Alfarraj S, Ansari MJ, Danish S, Datta R: Quorum Sensing Inhibitory and Quenching Activity of Bacillus cereus RC1 Extracts on Soft Rot-Causing Bacteria Lelliottia amnigena. ACS Omega. 2022 Jul 11;7(29):25291-25308. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02202. eCollection 2022 Jul 26. [PubMed:35910130 ]
  6. Alibi S, Selma WB, Mansour HB, Navas J: Activity of Essential Oils Against Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enteritidis. Curr Microbiol. 2022 Jul 30;79(9):273. doi: 10.1007/s00284-022-02938-x. [PubMed:35907084 ]
  7. Alves JA, Leal FC, Previato-Mello M, da Silva Neto JF: A Quorum Sensing-Regulated Type VI Secretion System Containing Multiple Nonredundant VgrG Proteins Is Required for Interbacterial Competition in Chromobacterium violaceum. Microbiol Spectr. 2022 Aug 31;10(4):e0157622. doi: 10.1128/spectrum.01576-22. Epub 2022 Jul 25. [PubMed:35876575 ]
  8. Kumar V, Kashyap P, Kumar S, Thakur V, Kumar S, Singh D: Multiple Adaptive Strategies of Himalayan Iodobacter sp. PCH194 to High-Altitude Stresses. Front Microbiol. 2022 Jul 6;13:881873. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.881873. eCollection 2022. [PubMed:35875582 ]
  9. Rivero Berti I, Rodenak-Kladniew BE, Katz SF, Arrua EC, Alvarez VA, Duran N, Castro GR: Enzymatic Active Release of Violacein Present in Nanostructured Lipid Carrier by Lipase Encapsulated in 3D-Bioprinted Chitosan-Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Matrix With Anticancer Activity. Front Chem. 2022 Jul 7;10:914126. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2022.914126. eCollection 2022. [PubMed:35873038 ]
  10. Faria AVS, Fonseca EMB, Fernandes-Oliveira PS, de Lima TI, Clerici SP, Justo GZ, Silveira LR, Duran N, Ferreira-Halder CV: Violacein switches off low molecular weight tyrosine phosphatase and rewires mitochondria in colorectal cancer cells. Bioorg Chem. 2022 Oct;127:106000. doi: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106000. Epub 2022 Jul 8. [PubMed:35853296 ]
  11. Doganci MA, Ay Sal F, Guler HI, Kati H, Ceylan E, Belduz AO, Bozdal G, Yayli N, Canakci S: Investigation of potential inhibitor properties of violacein against HIV-1 RT and CoV-2 Spike RBD:ACE-2. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2022 Jul 14;38(9):161. doi: 10.1007/s11274-022-03350-0. [PubMed:35834025 ]
  12. Hui CY, Guo Y, Zhu DL, Li LM, Yi J, Zhang NX: Metabolic engineering of the violacein biosynthetic pathway toward a low-cost, minimal-equipment lead biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron. 2022 Oct 15;214:114531. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114531. Epub 2022 Jul 6. [PubMed:35810697 ]
  13. Karuppiah V, Seralathan M: Quorum sensing inhibitory potential of vaccenic acid against Chromobacterium violaceum and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2022 Jun 27;38(8):146. doi: 10.1007/s11274-022-03335-z. [PubMed:35759150 ]
  14. Kanelli M, Saleh B, Webster TJ, Vouyiouka S, Topakas E: Co-Encapsulation of Violacein and Iron Oxide in Poly(lactic acid) Nanoparticles for Simultaneous Antibacterial and Anticancer Applications. J Biomed Nanotechnol. 2022 Mar 1;18(3):729-739. doi: 10.1166/jbn.2022.3305. [PubMed:35715912 ]
  15. Duran N, Castro GR, Portela RWD, Favaro WJ, Duran M, Tasic L, Nakazato G: Violacein and its antifungal activity: comments and potentialities. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2022 Oct;75(4):796-803. doi: 10.1111/lam.13760. Epub 2022 Jun 22. [PubMed:35687081 ]
  16. de Souza Oliveira PF, Faria AVS, Clerici SP, Akagi EM, Carvalho HF, Justo GZ, Duran N, Ferreira-Halder CV: Violacein negatively modulates the colorectal cancer survival and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Cell Biochem. 2022 Jul;123(7):1247-1258. doi: 10.1002/jcb.30295. Epub 2022 Jun 6. [PubMed:35661241 ]
  17. Ulusoy S, B Akalin R, Cevikbas H, Berisha A, Oral A, Bosgelmez-Tinaz G: Zeolite 4A as a jammer of bacterial communication in Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Future Microbiol. 2022 Jul;17:861-871. doi: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0174. Epub 2022 Jun 6. [PubMed:35658574 ]
  18. Pothoulakis G, Nguyen MTA, Andersen ES: Utilizing RNA origami scaffolds in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for dCas9-mediated transcriptional control. Nucleic Acids Res. 2022 Jul 8;50(12):7176-7187. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkac470. [PubMed:35648481 ]
  19. Dahlem C, Chanda S, Hemmer J, Schymik HS, Kohlstedt M, Wittmann C, Kiemer AK: Characterization of Anti-Cancer Activities of Violacein: Actions on Tumor Cells and the Tumor Microenvironment. Front Oncol. 2022 May 11;12:872223. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.872223. eCollection 2022. [PubMed:35646663 ]
  20. Chernogor L, Bakhvalova K, Belikova A, Belikov S: Isolation and Properties of the Bacterial Strain Janthinobacterium sp. SLB01. Microorganisms. 2022 May 23;10(5):1071. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10051071. [PubMed:35630513 ]
  21. Patel M, Siddiqui AJ, Ashraf SA, Surti M, Awadelkareem AM, Snoussi M, Hamadou WS, Bardakci F, Jamal A, Jahan S, Sachidanandan M, Adnan M: Lactiplantibacillus plantarum-Derived Biosurfactant Attenuates Quorum Sensing-Mediated Virulence and Biofilm Formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Chromobacterium violaceum. Microorganisms. 2022 May 13;10(5):1026. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10051026. [PubMed:35630468 ]
  22. LOTUS database [Link]