Description | Apigenin, also known as chamomile or versulin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavones. These are flavonoids with a structure based on the backbone of 2-phenylchromen-4-one (2-phenyl-1-benzopyran-4-one). Thus, apigenin is considered to be a flavonoid. Apigenin is a secondary metabolite. Secondary metabolites are metabolically or physiologically non-essential metabolites that may serve a role as defense or signalling molecules. In some cases they are simply molecules that arise from the incomplete metabolism of other secondary metabolites. Apigenin is found in Abies pindrow, Abies spectabilis, Acer oblongum, Achillea atrata, Achillea fragrantissima, Achillea ligustica, Achillea pannonica, Achlys triphylla, Achyrocline alata, Adhatoda vasica , Aeginetia indica, Aglaia cucullata, Aglaia foveolata, Ailanthus altissima, Ajuga decumbens, Albizia julibrissin, Allium obliquum , Allium rotundum, Aloe spp. , Aloysia citrodora, Alpinia officinarum, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Ambrosia artemisioides, Anadenanthera colubrina, Anaphalis contorta, Anaphalis lactea, Anaphalis margaritacea, Andrographis paniculata, Antennaria dioica, Anthemis auriculata, Anthemis pseudocotula, Anthriscus sylvestris, Aquilegia oxysepala, Argyrochosma nivea, Aristolochia cucurbitifolia, Arnica acaulis, Arnica chamissonis, Arnica longifolia, Arnica sororia, Fridericia platyphylla, Artabotrys hexapetalus, Artemisia afra, Artemisia annua, Artemisia arborescens, Artemisia argyi, Artemisia assoana, Artemisia austriaca, Artemisia caucasica, Artemisia diffusa, Artemisia fragrans, Artemisia frigida, Artemisia herba-alba, Artemisia ludoviciana, Artemisia mesatlantica, Artemisia montana, Artemisia nova, Arum maculatum, Asphodeline damascena, Aster koraiensis, Aster souliei, Astragalus macropterus, Astragalus peregrinus, Astragalus sieberi, Astragalus verrucosus, Asyneuma campanuloides, Atractylodes macrocephala, Aureolaria virginica, Baccharis genistelloides, Baccharis sagittalis, Baccharis salicifolia, Bacopa monniera, Bahiopsis triangularis, Balbisia calycina, Ballota acetabulosa, Ballota hirsuta, Ballota nigra, Berlinia grandiflora, Betonica officinalis, Betula pendula, Bidens frondosa, Bidens pilosa, Blepharis linariifolia, Boltonia asteroides, Bombax ceiba, Xerochrysum viscosum, Broussonetia papyrifera, Brownea ariza, Bryum argenteum, Bryum pseudotriquetrum, Calibrachoa parviflora, Calicotome villosa, Callicarpa nudiflora, Callistephus chinensis, Campanula pendula, Caragana spinosa, Carallia brachiata, Carduus nutans, Carduus tenuiflorus, Cassia javanica, Celtis australis, Centaurea alexandrina, Centaurea arenaria, Centaurea aspera, Centaurea cineraria, Centaurea collina, Centaurea cyanus, Centaurea horrida, Centaurea kilaea, Centaurea nervosa, Centaurea pallescens, Centaurea pseudomaculosa, Centaurea scoparia, Centaurea tougourensis, Centipeda minima, Cephalotaxus sinensis, Chaenomeles sinensis, Chiococca alba, Chrozophora tinctoria, Chrysanthemum indicum, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Chrysanthemum zawadskii, Cicerbita muralis, Cinnamomum kotoense, Cirsium arvense, Cirsium carolinianum, Cirsium japonicum, Cirsium oleraceum, Cirsium rhinoceros, Cistus incanus, Cistus ladanifer, Cistus laurifolius, Citrus sinensis, Clerodendrum bungei, Codonopsis clematidea, Codonopsis ovata, Colchicum autumnale, Colchicum speciosum, Coleus aromaticus , Colocasia escultenta, Conyza bonariensis, Corchorus depressus, Coriandrum sativum, Cota altissima, Cota palaestina, Crataegus laevigata, Crataegus monogyna, Crataegus orientalis, Crataegus sanguinea, Crepidomanes minutum, Crocus sativus , Crotalaria pallida, Cryptomeria japonica, Silene baccifera, Cupressus sempervirens, Cyclotrichium niveum, Carex fraseriana, Cynara humilis, Cyphostemma digitatum, Cyrtocymura scorpioides, Dalbergia hupeana, Dalbergia lanceolaria, Daphne feddei, Daphne genkwa, Daphne gnidium, Daphne laureola, Daphniphyllum angustifolium, Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium, Dicliptera chinensis, Digitalis ciliata, Digitalis grandiflora, Dioscorea oppositifolia, Doronicum macrophyllum, Dracocephalum multicaule, Dubautia arborea, Duhaldea cappa, Echinop ritro, Echinops echinatus, Echinops ritro, Eclipta prostrata, Elsholtzia ciliata, Elsholtzia rugulosa, Entada phaseoloides, Eremanthus veadeiroensis, Erica cinerea, Ericameria laricifolia, Erigeron annuus, Erigeron canadensis, Eriodictyon sessilifolium, Euterpe oleracea, Evandra aristata, Farsetia aegyptia, Ficus mucuso, Ficus nervosa, Ficus pumila, Ficus subcuneata, Fouquieria splendens, Fumaria capreolata , Fumaria officinalis , Fumaria schleicheri, Fumaria vaillantii , Gaillardia aristata, Galeopsis bifida, Garcinia bracteata, Garcinia nervosa, Gardenia resinifera, Verbena bipinnatifida, Glandularia hybrida, Glechoma hederacea, Globularia alypum, Globularia bisnagarica, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Gonocaryum calleryanum, Tanacetum ferulaceum, Goyazianthus tetrastichus, Gratiola officinalis, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Gymnocarpium robertianum, Halenia elliptica, Haplopteris anguste-elongata, Hazardia squarrosa, Helichrysum arenarium, Helichrysum armenium, Holocarpha heermannii, Humboldtia laurifolia, Hypericum perforatum, Ilex leucoclada, Iris pseudacorus, Isocoma acradenia, Isodon oresbius, Isodon phyllostachys, Digitalis chalcantha, Itea parviflora, Itoa orientalis, Ixeridium laevigatum, Sabina chinensis, Juniperus communis, Juniperus sabina, Klasea flavescens, Knautia montana, Lactuca formosana, Lactuca perennis, Lactuca quercina, Lactuca viminea, Laennecia sophiifolia (Kunth) G.L.Nesom, Lagerstroemia indica, Lagochilus leiacanthus, Lagotis yunnanensis, Laguncularia racemosa, Lamyropsis cynaroides, Lantana montevidensis, Lavandula angustifolia, Lavandula dentata, Lawsonia alba , Layia hieracioides, Leontodon saxatilis, Leonurus japonicus, Libocedrus plumosa, Ligustrum japonicum, Ligustrum robustum, Limonium axillare, Limonium bicolor, Limonium sinense, Linaria macroura, Livistona australis, Lomelosia caucasica, Lorandersonia pulchella, Lotus uliginosus, Luetkea pectinata, Lugoa revoluta, Lupinus luteus, Lycopus europaeus, Lycopus lucidus, Lycopus virginicus, Maclura pomifera, Macrothelypteris torresiana, Madia sativa, Marchantia polymorpha, Marrubium cylleneum, Marrubium velutinum, Marrubium vulgare, Matricaria chamomilla, Meehania urticifolia, Melanargia galathea, Mentha piperita, Micromeria cristata, Mimosa tenuiflora, Mirabilis viscosa, Mitragyna speciosa, Plagiomnium affine, Molineria capitulata, Moraea sisyrinchium, Morinda morindoides, Moringa oleifera , Moringa peregrine, Moringa stenopetala , Mosla chinensis, Mosla scabra, Myoporum tenuifolium, Nannoglottis ravida, Notholaena greggii, Notobasis syriaca, Ocimum sanctum , Ocimum africanum, Odontites luteus, Oligochaeta divaricata, Omalotheca sylvatica, Onopordum acaulon, Onosma heterophylla, Origanum calcaratum, Origanum dictamnus , Origanum floribundum, Origanum majoricum, Origanum microphyllum, Origanum onites , Origanum syriacum , Origanum vulgare subsp. Glandulosum , Origanum vulgare subsp. Hirtum , Ormosia henryi, Osmanthus fortunei, Osmanthus fragrans, Osmanthus heterophyllus, Oxytropis falcata, Oxytropis ochrocephala, Pallenis hierochuntica, Paraburkholderia phymatum, Parkinsonia aculeata, Passiflora foetida, Passiflora incarnata, Paulownia coreana, Pedicularis longiflora, Pedicularis rex, Penstemon serrulatus, Perilla frutescens, Cryptolepis nigrescens, Petunia hybrida, Phillyrea latifolia, Phlomis bovei, Phlomis herba-venti, Phlomis samia, Phlomoides tuberosa, Phoradendron leucarpum, Picea neoveitchii, Picris hieracioides, Pilosella officinarum, Pinus armandii, Pinus morrisonicola, Plagiomnium ciliare, Plantago albicans, Plantago argentea, Plantago asiatica, Plantago holosteum, Plantago maritima , Platycodon grandiflorus, Pogostemon stellatus, Polylepis incana, Populus balsamifera, Populus deltoides, Populus nigra, Populus tremula, Pourouma guianensis, Premna fulva, Prostanthera melissifolia, Pseudostifftia kingii, Pteridium aquilinum, Pteris multifida, Pterogyne nitens, Pueraria montana, Pyrrhopappus carolinianus, Relhania corymbosa, Reseda muricata, Retama raetam, Rhamnus alaternus , Rhamnus davurica, Rhynchosia beddomei, Rosa rugosa, Rumex dentatus , Rumex vesicarius , Saccharum officinarum, Salix acutifolia, Salix lindleyana, Salvia atropatana, Salvia bucharica, Salvia candelabrum, Salvia fruticosa, Salvia mirzayanii, Salvia montbretii, Salvia sahendica, Salvia trijuga, Salvia sylvestris, Santolina pinnata, Satureja cuneifolia, Scapholeberis mucronata, Schoenia cassiniana, Scolopia spinosa, Scoparia dulcis, Scorzonera laciniata, Scutellaria albida, Scutellaria alpina, Scutellaria baicalensis, Scutellaria discolor, Scutellaria galericulata, Scutellaria immaculata, Scutellaria indica, Scutellaria ovata, Selaginella tamariscina , Senna didymobotrya, Senna italica, Serratula coronata, Serratula tinctoria, Sida galheirensis, Sideritis cretica, Sideritis leucantha, Sideritis raeseri, Sideritis taurica, Silene saxatilis, Silybum marianum, Sinningia cardinalis, Smilax perfoliata, Sonchus asper, Sophora secundiflora, Sphagneticola trilobata, Stachys aegyptiaca, Stachys ocymastrum, Stellaria media , Stevia rebaudiana , Striga asiatica, Striga gesnerioides, Strobilanthes crispus , Swertia tetrapetala, Symphyotrichum eatonii, Symphyotrichum subulatum, Tamarix dioica, Tanacetum parthenium, Tanacetum vulgare, Taxodium distichum, Taxus media, Taxus yunnanensis, Teucrium chamaedrys, Teucrium divaricatum, Teucrium japonicum, Teucrium polium, Theobroma cacao L. , Thymus capitatus , Thymus comosus, Thymus herba-barona, Thymus numidicus, Tilia tomentosa, Tinospora crispa , Trachelospermum jasminoides, Tragopogon pratensis, Trifolium pratense , Trypanosoma brucei, Turnera aphrodisiaca, Turnera diffusa , Turnera subulata, Turnera ulmifolia , Vachellia tortilis, Valeriana amurensis, Verbascum phlomoides, Verbascum songaricum, Verbena hybrida, Verbena officinalis , Vernonanthura nudiflora, Veronica chamaedrys, Veronica officinalis , Veronica orchidea, Veronica spuria, Veronica teucrium, Viburnum coriaceum, Viburnum cylindricum, Vicia sativa, Vicia subvillosa, Viola arvensis, Vitex agnus-castus, Vitis cinerea, Vitis vinifera, Volkameria inermis, Volutaria crupinoides, Wikstroemia canescens, Zea mays , Ziziphora clinopodioides and Ziziphora tenuior. Apigenin was first documented in 2006 (PMID: 16982614). Based on a literature review a small amount of articles have been published on Apigenin (PMID: 16844095) (PMID: 16648565) (PMID: 23304222). |
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