Np mrd loader

Record Information
Version1.0
Created at2021-06-19 21:54:38 UTC
Updated at2021-08-20 00:00:19 UTC
NP-MRD IDNP0030595
Secondary Accession NumbersNone
Natural Product Identification
Common Nameprotopine
Provided ByJEOL DatabaseJEOL Logo
DescriptionProtopine, also known as corydinine or fumarine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as protopine alkaloids. These are alkaloids with a structure based on a tricyclic protopine formed by oxidative ring fission of protoberberine N-metho salts. Protopine has been detected, but not quantified in, a few different foods, such as anatidaes (Anatidae), chickens (Gallus gallus), and domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domestica). This could make protopine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Protopine is a primary metabolite. Primary metabolites are metabolically or physiologically essential metabolites. They are directly involved in an organism’s growth, development or reproduction. protopine is found in Arctomecon merriamii, Argemone grandiflora, Argemone munita, Argemone ochroleuca, Argemone platyceras, Argemone subfusiformis, Berberis darwinii, Berberis empetrifolia, Berberis laurina, Berberis microphylla, Bocconia frutescens, Bocconia latisepala, Caltha palustris, Chelidonium majus L. , Chelidonum majus, Corydalis ambigua, Corydalis balansae, Corydalis cheilanthifolia, Corydalis heterocarpa, Corydalis incisa, Corydalis ledebouriana, Corydalis ophiocarpa, Corydalis saxicola, Capnoides sempervirens, Corydalis speciosa, Corydalis tashiro, Cyclea atjehensis, Dactylicapnos torulosa, Dactylocapnos torulosa, Dicentra formosa, Dicentra peregrina, Fumaria asepala , Fumaria bella, Fumaria bracteosa, Fumaria cilicica, Fumaria gaillardotii, Fumaria judaica, Fumaria kralikii, Fumaria macrocarpa, Fumaria macrosepala, Fumaria officinalis, Fumaria petteri, Fumaria rostellata, Fumaria schramii, Fumaria sepium, Fumaria spicata, Galanthus trojanus, Glaucium leiocarpum, Glaucium squamigerum, Hunnemannia fumariifolia, Hylomecon japonica, Hypecoum erectum, Hypecoum imberbe, Hypecoum pendulum, Ichtyoselmis macrantha, Meconopsis napaulensis, Papaver atlanticum, Papaver canescens, Papaver heterophyllum, Papaver kerneri, Papaver lapponicum, Papaver lateritium, Papaver nudicaule, Papaver orientale, Papaver pavoninum, Papaver pygmaeum, Papaver rhoeas, Papaver tatricum, Platystemon californicus, Roemeria refracta, Sanguinaria canadensis, Sarcocapnos crassifolia, Stylophorum diphyllum, Stylophorum lasiocarpum, Thalictrum delavayi, Thalictrum foetidum, Thalictrum minus, Thalictrum thunbergii and Thalictrum revolutum. It was first documented in 2003 (PMID: 12726842). Based on a literature review a small amount of articles have been published on Protopine (PMID: 22029392) (PMID: 15458726) (PMID: 15588728).
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
ValueSource
4,6,7,14-Tetrahydro-5-methyl-bis(1,3)benzodioxolo(4,5-c-5',6'-g)azecin-13(5H)-oneChEBI
7-Methyl-6,8,9,16-tetrahydrobis[1,3]benzodioxolo[4,5-c:5',6'-g]azecin-15(7H)-oneChEBI
CorydinineChEBI
FumarineChEBI
MacleyineChEBI
BiflorineHMDB
HypercorineHMDB
ProtopinHMDB
Protopine mesylateHMDB
Protopine hydrochlorideHMDB
Chemical FormulaC20H19NO5
Average Mass353.3686 Da
Monoisotopic Mass353.12632 Da
IUPAC Name15-methyl-7,9,19,21-tetraoxa-15-azapentacyclo[15.7.0.0^{4,12}.0^{6,10}.0^{18,22}]tetracosa-1(17),4(12),5,10,18(22),23-hexaen-3-one
Traditional Name15-methyl-7,9,19,21-tetraoxa-15-azapentacyclo[15.7.0.0^{4,12}.0^{6,10}.0^{18,22}]tetracosa-1(17),4(12),5,10,18(22),23-hexaen-3-one
CAS Registry NumberNot Available
SMILES
[H]C1=C([H])C2=C(C3=C1OC([H])([H])O3)C([H])([H])N(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C1=C(C([H])=C3OC([H])([H])OC3=C1[H])C(=O)C2([H])[H]
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C20H19NO5/c1-21-5-4-13-7-18-19(25-10-24-18)8-14(13)16(22)6-12-2-3-17-20(15(12)9-21)26-11-23-17/h2-3,7-8H,4-6,9-11H2,1H3
InChI KeyGPTFURBXHJWNHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Experimental Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionDepositor EmailDepositor OrganizationDepositorDeposition DateView
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, CDCl3, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, CDCl3, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, CDCl3, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, CDCl3, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, CDCl3, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, CDCl3, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, CDCl3, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, CDCl3, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, CDCl3, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, CDCl3, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, CDCl3, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, CDCl3, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, CDCl3, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, CDCl3, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, CDCl3, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, CDCl3, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, CDCl3, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, CDCl3, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, CDCl3, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, CDCl3, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
Predicted Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionDepositor IDDepositor OrganizationDepositorDeposition DateView
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, chcl3, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 125 MHz, chcl3, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 150 MHz, chcl3, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 175 MHz, chcl3, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, chcl3, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 225 MHz, chcl3, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 25 MHz, chcl3, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 250 MHz, chcl3, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 50 MHz, chcl3, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 75 MHz, chcl3, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, chcl3, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, chcl3, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, chcl3, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, chcl3, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, chcl3, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, chcl3, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, chcl3, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, chcl3, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, chcl3, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, chcl3, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
Chemical Shift Submissions
Not Available
Species
Species of Origin
Species NameSourceReference
Anas platyrhynchosFooDB
AnatidaeFooDB
Annona squamosaKNApSAcK Database
Anser anserFooDB
Arctomecon californicaKNApSAcK Database
Arctomecon humilisKNApSAcK Database
Arctomecon merriamiiLOTUS Database
Arctomecon merrianiiKNApSAcK Database
Argemone grandifloraLOTUS Database
Argemone mexicanaKNApSAcK Database
Argemone munitaLOTUS Database
Argemone ochroleucaLOTUS Database
Argemone platycerasLOTUS Database
Argemone subfusiformiaKNApSAcK Database
Argemone subfusiformisLOTUS Database
Argemone subfusiformis var.subinermisKNApSAcK Database
Berberis darwiniiLOTUS Database
Berberis empetrifoliaLOTUS Database
Berberis laurinaLOTUS Database
Berberis microphyllaLOTUS Database
Bison bisonFooDB
Bocconia frutescensLOTUS Database
Bocconia latisepalaLOTUS Database
Bos taurusFooDB
Bos taurus X Bison bisonFooDB
Bubalus bubalisFooDB
Caltha palustrisLOTUS Database
Capra aegagrus hircusFooDB
CervidaeFooDB
Cervus canadensisFooDB
Chelidonium majusPlant
Chelidonium majus L.KNApSAcK Database
Chelidonum majus-
ColumbaFooDB
ColumbidaeFooDB
Corydalis aduncaKNApSAcK Database
Corydalis ambiguaLOTUS Database
Corydalis ambigua var.amurensisKNApSAcK Database
Corydalis balansaeLOTUS Database
Corydalis bungeanaKNApSAcK Database
Corydalis caucasiaKNApSAcK Database
Corydalis cavaKNApSAcK Database
Corydalis cheilanthifoliaLOTUS Database
Corydalis claviculataKNApSAcK Database
Corydalis decumbensKNApSAcK Database
Corydalis esquiroliiKNApSAcK Database
Corydalis gigantea Trautv.et Mey.KNApSAcK Database
Corydalis glaucescensKNApSAcK Database
Corydalis gortschakoviiKNApSAcK Database
Corydalis heterocarpaLOTUS Database
Corydalis hsuchowensisKNApSAcK Database
Corydalis incisaLOTUS Database
Corydalis intermediaKNApSAcK Database
Corydalis ledebourianaLOTUS Database
Corydalis ledebouriana K.et K.KNApSAcK Database
Corydalis longicalcarataKNApSAcK Database
Corydalis majoriKNApSAcK Database
Corydalis nobilisKNApSAcK Database
Corydalis omeiensisKNApSAcK Database
Corydalis ophiocarpaLOTUS Database
Corydalis pallidaKNApSAcK Database
Corydalis pseudoaduncaKNApSAcK Database
Corydalis racemosaKNApSAcK Database
Corydalis remotaKNApSAcK Database
Corydalis repensKNApSAcK Database
Corydalis saxicolaLOTUS Database
Corydalis sempervirensLOTUS Database
Corydalis sewerzoviiKNApSAcK Database
Corydalis solidaKNApSAcK Database
Corydalis speciosaLOTUS Database
Corydalis stricta Steph.KNApSAcK Database
Corydalis suaveolensKNApSAcK Database
Corydalis tashiroPlant
Corydalis thyrsifoliaKNApSAcK Database
Corydalis turtschaninowiiKNApSAcK Database
Corydalis yanhusuoKNApSAcK Database
Cyclea atjehensisLOTUS Database
Dactylicapnos torulosaLOTUS Database
Dactylocapnos torulosa-
Dicentra formosaLOTUS Database
Dicentra peregrinaLOTUS Database
Dicentra spectabilisKNApSAcK Database
Dromaius novaehollandiaeFooDB
Eomecon chionanthaKNApSAcK Database
Equus caballusFooDB
Eschscholzia californicaKNApSAcK Database
Fumaria agrariaKNApSAcK Database
Fumaria asepalaPlant
Fumaria bastardiiKNApSAcK Database
Fumaria bellaPlant
Fumaria bracteosaLOTUS Database
Fumaria capreolataKNApSAcK Database
Fumaria cilicicaPlant
Fumaria densifloraKNApSAcK Database
Fumaria gaillardotiiPlant
Fumaria indicaKNApSAcK Database
Fumaria judaicaPlant
Fumaria kralikiiPlant
Fumaria macrocarpaPlant
Fumaria macrosepalaLOTUS Database
Fumaria muralisKNApSAcK Database
Fumaria officinalisJEOL database
    • Seger, C., et al, Magn. Reson. Chem. 42, 882 (2004)
Fumaria parvifloraKNApSAcK Database
Fumaria petteriPlant
Fumaria rostellataLOTUS Database
Fumaria schleicheriKNApSAcK Database
Fumaria schramiiPlant
Fumaria sepiumPlant
Fumaria spicataPlant
Fumaria vaillantiiKNApSAcK Database
Galanthus trojanusLOTUS Database
Gallium aparineKNApSAcK Database
Gallus gallusFooDB
Glaucium arabicumKNApSAcK Database
Glaucium corniculatumKNApSAcK Database
Glaucium fimbrilligerumKNApSAcK Database
Glaucium flavumKNApSAcK Database
Glaucium grandiflorumKNApSAcK Database
Glaucium leiocarpumLOTUS Database
Glaucium squamigerumLOTUS Database
Hunnemannia fumariaefoliaLOTUS Database
Hunnemannia fumariaefolia Sweet.KNApSAcK Database
Hylomecon japonicaLOTUS Database
Hypecoum erectumLOTUS Database
Hypecoum erectum L.KNApSAcK Database
Hypecoum imberbeLOTUS Database
Hypecoum leptocarpumKNApSAcK Database
Hypecoum pendulumLOTUS Database
Hypecoum pendulum L.KNApSAcK Database
Hypecoum procumbensKNApSAcK Database
Hypecoum trilobumKNApSAcK Database
Ichtyoselmis macranthaLOTUS Database
Lagopus mutaFooDB
LeporidaeFooDB
Lepus timidusFooDB
Macleaya cordataKNApSAcK Database
Meconopsis cambricaKNApSAcK Database
Meconopsis napaulensisLOTUS Database
Meconopsis robustaKNApSAcK Database
Melanitta fuscaFooDB
Meleagris gallopavoFooDB
Nandina domesticaKNApSAcK Database
Numida meleagrisFooDB
OdocoileusFooDB
Oldenlandia bifloraKNApSAcK Database
OryctolagusFooDB
Ovis ariesFooDB
Papaver albiforumKNApSAcK Database
Papaver argemoneKNApSAcK Database
Papaver atlanticumLOTUS Database
Papaver bracteatumKNApSAcK Database
Papaver californicumKNApSAcK Database
Papaver canescensLOTUS Database
Papaver confineKNApSAcK Database
Papaver curviscapumKNApSAcK Database
Papaver dubiumKNApSAcK Database
Papaver fugaxKNApSAcK Database
Papaver heterophyllumLOTUS Database
Papaver kerneriPlant
Papaver lapponicumLOTUS Database
Papaver lateritiumLOTUS Database
Papaver macrostomumKNApSAcK Database
Papaver nudicauleLOTUS Database
Papaver orientaleLOTUS Database
Papaver orientale L.KNApSAcK Database
Papaver pavoninumLOTUS Database
Papaver persicum Lindl.KNApSAcK Database
Papaver pinnatifidumKNApSAcK Database
Papaver pygmaeumLOTUS Database
Papaver radicatumKNApSAcK Database
Papaver rhoeasLOTUS Database
Papaver rhoeas chelidonidesKNApSAcK Database
Papaver rhopalotheceKNApSAcK Database
Papaver somniferumKNApSAcK Database
Papaver stevenianumKNApSAcK Database
Papaver tatricumPlant
PhasianidaeFooDB
Phasianus colchicusFooDB
Platycapnos saxicolaKNApSAcK Database
Platycapnos spicataKNApSAcK Database
Platystemon californicusLOTUS Database
Roemeria refractaLOTUS Database
Sanguinaria canadensisLOTUS Database
Sarcocapnos baeticaKNApSAcK Database
Sarcocapnos crassifoliaLOTUS Database
Sarcocapnos enneaphyllaKNApSAcK Database
Sarcocapnos saetabensisKNApSAcK Database
Struthio camelusFooDB
Stylophorum diphyllumLOTUS Database
Stylophorum lasiocarpumLOTUS Database
Sus scrofaFooDB
Sus scrofa domesticaFooDB
Thalictrum atriplexKNApSAcK Database
Thalictrum delavayiLOTUS Database
Thalictrum faberiKNApSAcK Database
Thalictrum flavumKNApSAcK Database
Thalictrum foetidumLOTUS Database
Thalictrum foliolosumKNApSAcK Database
Thalictrum gladulosissimumKNApSAcK Database
Thalictrum glandulosissimumKNApSAcK Database
Thalictrum isopyroidesKNApSAcK Database
Thalictrum microgyumKNApSAcK Database
Thalictrum minusLOTUS Database
Thalictrum minus var. hypoleucumPlant
Thalictrum petaloideumKNApSAcK Database
Thalictrum revolutumLOTUS Database
Thalictrum simplexKNApSAcK Database
Thalictrum thunbergiiKNApSAcK Database
Thalictrum triternatumKNApSAcK Database
Ziziphus jujubaKNApSAcK Database
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as protopine alkaloids. These are alkaloids with a structure based on a tricyclic protopine formed by oxidative ring fission of protoberberine N-metho salts.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassAlkaloids and derivatives
ClassProtopine alkaloids
Sub ClassNot Available
Direct ParentProtopine alkaloids
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Protopine skeleton
  • Benzodioxole
  • Aryl ketone
  • Aryl alkyl ketone
  • Aralkylamine
  • Benzenoid
  • Ketone
  • Tertiary amine
  • Tertiary aliphatic amine
  • Acetal
  • Oxacycle
  • Azacycle
  • Organoheterocyclic compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Amine
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Physical Properties
StateNot Available
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting PointNot AvailableNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility0.82 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)The Good Scents Company Information System
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
logP1.95ALOGPS
logP2.59ChemAxon
logS-3.2ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)15.82ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)4.86ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count6ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count0ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area57.23 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count0ChemAxon
Refractivity94.57 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability36.68 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings5ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
HMDB IDHMDB0003920
DrugBank IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FoodDB IDFDB023249
KNApSAcK IDC00001906
Chemspider ID4799
KEGG Compound IDC05189
BioCyc IDPROTOPINE
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkProtopine
METLIN ID6988
PubChem Compound4970
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID16415
Good Scents IDrw1836891
References
General References
  1. Meyer A, Imming P: Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids from the papaveraceae: the heritage of Johannes Gadamer (1867-1928). J Nat Prod. 2011 Nov 28;74(11):2482-7. doi: 10.1021/np2005049. Epub 2011 Oct 26. [PubMed:22029392 ]
  2. Paul LD, Maurer HH: Studies on the metabolism and toxicological detection of the Eschscholtzia californica alkaloids californine and protopine in urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2003 Jun 5;789(1):43-57. doi: 10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00124-7. [PubMed:12726842 ]
  3. Wynne PM, Vine JH, Amiet RG: Protopine alkaloids in horse urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2004 Nov 5;811(1):85-91. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.03.077. [PubMed:15458726 ]
  4. Jiang B, Cao K, Wang R: Inhibitory effect of protopine on K(ATP) channel subunits expressed in HEK-293 cells. Eur J Pharmacol. 2004 Dec 15;506(2):93-100. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.11.004. [PubMed:15588728 ]
  5. Seger, C., et al. (2004). Seger, C., et al, Magn. Reson. Chem. 42, 882 (2004). Mag. Reson. Chem..