Record Information |
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Version | 2.0 |
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Created at | 2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC |
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Updated at | 2022-01-19 17:52:53 UTC |
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NP-MRD ID | NP0001335 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | None |
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Natural Product Identification |
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Common Name | Guanosine |
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Description | Guanosine (G), also known as 2-amino-inosine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine nucleosides. Purine nucleosides are compounds comprising a purine base attached to a ribosyl or deoxyribosyl sugar moiety. Guanosine consists of a guanine base attached to a ribose (ribofuranose) ring via a beta-N9-glycosidic bond. Guanosine is a white, crystalline powder with no odor and mild saline taste. It is very soluble in acetic acid, and slightly soluble in water, but insoluble in ethanol, diethyl ether, benzene, and chloroform. Guanosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. High levels of guanosine can be found in clovers, coffee plants, and the pollen of pines. It has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as leeks, garlic, chicory roots, green bell peppers, and black-eyed peas. Guanosine plays an important role in various biochemical processes including the synthesis of nucleic acids such as RNA and intracellular signal transduction (cGMP). The antiviral drug acyclovir, often used in herpes treatment, and the anti-HIV drug abacavir, are both structurally similar to guanosine. Guanosine can be phosphorylated to become guanosine monophosphate (GMP), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), guanosine diphosphate (GDP), and guanosine triphosphate (GTP). In humans, guanosine is involved in intracellular signalling through the adenosine receptors A1R and A2AR (PMID: 31847113 ). Evidence from rodent and cell models has shown a number of important neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects of guanosine. In particular, it is effective in preventing deleterious consequences of seizures, spinal cord injury, pain, mood disorders and aging-related diseases, such as ischemia, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases (PMID: 27699087 ). Studies with rodent models of Parkinson’s disease have shown that guanosine decreases neuronal apoptotic cell death and increases dopaminergic neurons at substantia nigra pars compacta, accompanied by an improvement of motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (i.E. A reduction of bradykinesia). Guanosine promotes neurite arborization, outgrowth, proliferation and differentiation. Systemic administration of guanosine for eight weeks (8 mg/kg) has been shown to stimulate neuroprogenitors proliferation in the subventricular zone (SVZ) in a mouse model of Parkinsonism (PMID: 27699087 ). The effect of guanosine treatment is accompanied by an increased number of fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2)-positive cells which is an important regulator of neuroprogenitor/stem cell proliferation, survival and differentiation (PMID: 27699087 ). Guanosine prevents reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and cell death in hippocampal slices subjected to the oxygen/glucose deprivation (PMID: 31847113 ). |
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Structure | NC1=NC2=C(N=CN2[C@@H]2O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]2O)C(=O)N1 InChI=1S/C10H13N5O5/c11-10-13-7-4(8(19)14-10)12-2-15(7)9-6(18)5(17)3(1-16)20-9/h2-3,5-6,9,16-18H,1H2,(H3,11,13,14,19)/t3-,5-,6-,9-/m1/s1 |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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2(3H)-Imino-9-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-9H-purin-6(1H)-one | ChEBI | 2-Amino-1,9-dihydro-9-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-6H-purin-6-one | ChEBI | 2-Amino-9-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,9-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one | ChEBI | 9-beta-D-Ribofuranosyl-guanine | ChEBI | G | ChEBI | Guanine riboside | ChEBI | Guanine-9-beta-D-ribofuranoside | ChEBI | Guanosin | ChEBI | Guo | ChEBI | 2(3H)-Imino-9-b-D-ribofuranosyl-9H-purin-6(1H)-one | Generator | 2(3H)-Imino-9-β-D-ribofuranosyl-9H-purin-6(1H)-one | Generator | 2-Amino-1,9-dihydro-9-b-D-ribofuranosyl-6H-purin-6-one | Generator | 2-Amino-1,9-dihydro-9-β-D-ribofuranosyl-6H-purin-6-one | Generator | 2-Amino-9-b-D-ribofuranosyl-1,9-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one | Generator | 2-Amino-9-β-D-ribofuranosyl-1,9-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one | Generator | 9-b-D-Ribofuranosyl-guanine | Generator | 9-Β-D-ribofuranosyl-guanine | Generator | Guanine-9-b-D-ribofuranoside | Generator | Guanine-9-β-D-ribofuranoside | Generator | 2-Amino-1,9-dihydro-9-beta-delta-ribofuranosyl-6H-purin-6-one | HMDB | 2-Amino-inosine | HMDB | 9-beta-delta-Ribofuranosyl-guanine | HMDB | b-D-Ribofuranoside guanine-9 | HMDB | beta-delta-Ribofuranoside guanine-9 | HMDB | Ribonucleoside | HMDB | Vernine | HMDB |
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Chemical Formula | C10H13N5O5 |
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Average Mass | 283.2407 Da |
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Monoisotopic Mass | 283.09167 Da |
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IUPAC Name | 2-amino-9-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-6,9-dihydro-1H-purin-6-one |
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Traditional Name | guanosine |
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CAS Registry Number | 118-00-3 |
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SMILES | NC1=NC2=C(N=CN2[C@@H]2O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]2O)C(=O)N1 |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C10H13N5O5/c11-10-13-7-4(8(19)14-10)12-2-15(7)9-6(18)5(17)3(1-16)20-9/h2-3,5-6,9,16-18H,1H2,(H3,11,13,14,19)/t3-,5-,6-,9-/m1/s1 |
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InChI Key | NYHBQMYGNKIUIF-UUOKFMHZSA-N |
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Experimental Spectra |
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| Spectrum Type | Description | Depositor Email | Depositor Organization | Depositor | Deposition Date | View |
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1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, H2O, simulated) | Ahselim | | | 2022-01-19 | View Spectrum | 2D NMR | [1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 400 MHz, H2O, experimental) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum |
| Predicted Spectra |
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| Not Available | Chemical Shift Submissions |
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| Spectrum Type | Description | Depositor Email | Depositor Organization | Depositor | Deposition Date | View |
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1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, H2O, simulated) | v.dorna83@yahoo.com | Not Available | Not Available | 2021-08-11 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H2O, simulated) | varshavi.d26@gmail.com | Not Available | Not Available | 2021-08-09 | View Spectrum |
| Species |
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Species of Origin | |
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Species Where Detected | |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine nucleosides. Purine nucleosides are compounds comprising a purine base attached to a ribosyl or deoxyribosyl moiety. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues |
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Class | Purine nucleosides |
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Sub Class | Not Available |
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Direct Parent | Purine nucleosides |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Purine nucleoside
- Glycosyl compound
- N-glycosyl compound
- Pentose monosaccharide
- Imidazopyrimidine
- Purine
- Hydroxypyrimidine
- Monosaccharide
- N-substituted imidazole
- Pyrimidine
- Heteroaromatic compound
- Azole
- Imidazole
- Tetrahydrofuran
- Secondary alcohol
- Azacycle
- Oxacycle
- Organoheterocyclic compound
- Primary alcohol
- Organopnictogen compound
- Organooxygen compound
- Organonitrogen compound
- Alcohol
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organic oxygen compound
- Organic nitrogen compound
- Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | 239 °C | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | 0.7 mg/mL at 18 °C | Not Available | LogP | -1.90 | Sangster, J. (1993). LOGKOW- a Databank of Evaluated Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients. Sangster Research Laboratories, Montreal. |
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Predicted Properties | |
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General References | - Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07762. [PubMed:19212411 ]
- Lee SH, Jung BH, Kim SY, Chung BC: A rapid and sensitive method for quantitation of nucleosides in human urine using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry with direct urine injection. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2004;18(9):973-7. [PubMed:15116424 ]
- Traut TW: Physiological concentrations of purines and pyrimidines. Mol Cell Biochem. 1994 Nov 9;140(1):1-22. [PubMed:7877593 ]
- Wevers RA, Engelke UF, Moolenaar SH, Brautigam C, de Jong JG, Duran R, de Abreu RA, van Gennip AH: 1H-NMR spectroscopy of body fluids: inborn errors of purine and pyrimidine metabolism. Clin Chem. 1999 Apr;45(4):539-48. [PubMed:10102915 ]
- Hartwick RA, Krstulovic AM, Brown PR: Identification and quantitation of nucleosides, bases and other UV-absorbing compounds in serum, using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. II. Evaluation of human sera. J Chromatogr. 1979 Dec 30;186:659-76. [PubMed:546939 ]
- Saute JA, da Silveira LE, Soares FA, Martini LH, Souza DO, Ganzella M: Amnesic effect of GMP depends on its conversion to guanosine. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2006 May;85(3):206-12. Epub 2005 Dec 1. [PubMed:16325434 ]
- Lanznaster D, Massari CM, Markova V, Simkova T, Duroux R, Jacobson KA, Fernandez-Duenas V, Tasca CI, Ciruela F: Adenosine A1-A2A Receptor-Receptor Interaction: Contribution to Guanosine-Mediated Effects. Cells. 2019 Dec 13;8(12). pii: cells8121630. doi: 10.3390/cells8121630. [PubMed:31847113 ]
- Lanznaster D, Dal-Cim T, Piermartiri TC, Tasca CI: Guanosine: a Neuromodulator with Therapeutic Potential in Brain Disorders. Aging Dis. 2016 Oct 1;7(5):657-679. doi: 10.14336/AD.2016.0208. eCollection 2016 Oct. [PubMed:27699087 ]
- Lin HT, Chen CC, Chiao DJ, Chang TY, Chen XA, Young JJ, Kuo SC: Nanoparticular CpG-adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein elicits broadly neutralizing and Th1-biased immunoreactivity in mice. Int J Biol Macromol. 2021 Dec 15;193(Pt B):1885-1897. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.020. Epub 2021 Nov 11. [PubMed:34774590 ]
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