Np mrd loader

Record Information
Version1.0
Created at2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
Updated at2021-10-07 20:39:14 UTC
NP-MRD IDNP0001268
Secondary Accession NumbersNone
Natural Product Identification
Common NameEstradiol
DescriptionEstradiol is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids. Estradiol is produced in the ovaries. The ovary requires both luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) to produce sex steroids. LH stimulates the cells surrounding the follicle to produce progesterone and androgens. The androgens diffuse across the basement membrane to the granulosa cell layer, where, under the action of FSH, they are aromatized to estrogens, mainly estradiol. The ovary shows cyclical activity, unlike the testis that is maintained in a more or less constant state of activity. Hormone secretions vary according to the phase of the menstrual cycle. In the developing follicle LH receptors (LH-R) are only located on the thecal cells and FSH receptors (FSHR) on the granulosa cells. The dominant pre-ovulatory follicle develops LH-Rs on the granulosa cells prior to the LH surge. Thecal cells of the preovulatory follicle also develop the capacity to synthesize estradiol and this persists when the thecal cells become incorporated into the corpus luteum. After ovulation, the empty follicle is remodelled and plays an important role in the second half or luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. This phase is dominated by progesterone and, to a lesser extent, estradiol secretion by the corpus luteum. Estradiol is also synthesized locally from cholesterol through testosterone in the hippocampus and acts rapidly to modulate neuronal synaptic plasticity. Localization of estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) in spines in addition to nuclei of principal neurons implies that synaptic ERalpha is responsible for rapid modulation of synaptic plasticity by endogenous estradiol. Estradiol is a potent endogenous antioxidant which suppresses hepatic fibrosis in animal models, and attenuates induction of redox sensitive transcription factors, hepatocyte apoptosis and hepatic stellate cells activation by inhibiting a generation of reactive oxygen species in primary cultures. This suggests that the greater progression of hepatic fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in men and postmenopausal women may be due, at least in part, to lower production of estradiol and a reduced response to the action of estradiol. Estradiol has been reported to induce the production of interferon (INF)-gamma in lymphocytes, and augments an antigen-specific primary antibody response in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. IFN-gamma is a potent cytokine with immunomodulatory and antiproliferative properties. Therefore, female subjects, particularly before menopause, may produce antibodies against hepatitis B virus e antigen and hepatitis B virus surface antigen at a higher frequency than males with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. The estradiol-Dihydrotestosterone model of prostate cancer (PC) proposes that the first step in the development of most PC and breast cancer (BC) occurs when aromatase converts testosterone to estradiol. (PMID: 17708600 , 17678531 , 17644764 ).
Structure
Data?1628564084
Synonyms
ValueSource
(17beta)-Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diolChEBI
17beta OestradiolChEBI
17beta-Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diolChEBI
17beta-OestradiolChEBI
beta-EstradiolChEBI
cis-EstradiolChEBI
Estradiol-17betaChEBI
ClimaraKegg
DivigelKegg
EstraceKegg
EstradermKegg
EstrasorbKegg
EstringKegg
EstrogelKegg
InnofemKegg
VagifemKegg
VivelleKegg
(17b)-Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diolGenerator
(17Β)-estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diolGenerator
17b OestradiolGenerator
17Β oestradiolGenerator
17b-Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diolGenerator
17Β-estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diolGenerator
17b-OestradiolGenerator
17Β-oestradiolGenerator
b-EstradiolGenerator
Β-estradiolGenerator
Estradiol-17bGenerator
Estradiol-17βGenerator
(+)-3,17b-EstradiolHMDB
13b-Methyl-1,3,5(10)-gonatriene-3,17b-olHMDB
17b-EstradiolHMDB
3,17-EpidihydroxyestratrieneHMDB
3,17b-Dihydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trieneHMDB
3,17b-EstradiolHMDB
AerodiolHMDB
AgofollinHMDB
AltradHMDB
AmnestrogenHMDB
AquadiolHMDB
BardiolHMDB
ClimadermHMDB
CompudoseHMDB
CorpagenHMDB
D-EstradiolHMDB
D-OestradiolHMDB
delta-EstradiolHMDB
delta-OestradiolHMDB
DermestrilHMDB
Dihydro-theelinHMDB
Dihydrofollicular hormoneHMDB
DihydrofolliculinHMDB
DihydromenformonHMDB
DihydrotheelinHMDB
DihydroxyestrinHMDB
DimenformonHMDB
DiogynHMDB
DiogynetsHMDB
EncoreHMDB
Epiestriol 50HMDB
Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17b-diolHMDB
Estraderm TTSHMDB
Estradiol-17-betaHMDB
EstradotHMDB
EstraldineHMDB
Estring vaginal ringHMDB
EstroclimHMDB
Estroclim 50HMDB
Estrogel HBFHMDB
EstroviteHMDB
EvorelHMDB
FemestralHMDB
FemogenHMDB
FollicyclinHMDB
GelestraHMDB
GinosedolHMDB
GynergonHMDB
GynoestrylHMDB
LamdiolHMDB
MacrodiolHMDB
MenorestHMDB
NordicolHMDB
OesclimHMDB
OestergonHMDB
Oestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17b-diolHMDB
OestradiolHMDB
OestrogelHMDB
OestroglandolHMDB
OvahormonHMDB
OvasterolHMDB
OvastevolHMDB
OvocyclinHMDB
OvocylinHMDB
PerlatanolHMDB
PrimofolHMDB
ProfoliolHMDB
Profoliol bHMDB
ProgynonHMDB
Progynon DHHMDB
Sandrena 1HMDB
SyndiolHMDB
SystenHMDB
ZumenonHMDB
Estradiol hemihydrate, (17 alpha)-isomerHMDB
Estradiol, (-)-isomerHMDB
Estradiol, monosodium saltHMDB
Estradiol-17 betaHMDB
17 beta OestradiolHMDB
17 beta-EstradiolHMDB
Estradiol 17 betaHMDB
Estradiol monohydrateHMDB
Estradiol orion brandHMDB
Estradiol, (17-alpha)-isomerHMDB
Estradiol, sodium saltHMDB
17 beta EstradiolHMDB
Estradiol hemihydrateHMDB
Estradiol, (+-)-isomerHMDB
Estradiol, (16 alpha,17 alpha)-isomerHMDB
Estradiol-17 alphaHMDB
Orion brand OF estradiolHMDB
17 beta-OestradiolHMDB
Estradiol 17 alphaHMDB
Estradiol 17betaHMDB
Estradiol anhydrousHMDB
Estradiol, (16 alpha,17 beta)-isomerHMDB
Estradiol, (8 alpha,17 beta)-(+-)-isomerHMDB
Estradiol, (8 alpha,17 beta)-isomerHMDB
Estradiol, (9 beta,17 alpha)-isomerHMDB
Estradiol, (9 beta,17 beta)-isomerHMDB
Novartis pharmaceuticals brand OF estradiolHMDB
ProgynovaHMDB
Estradiol valerianteHMDB
Estradiol valerateHMDB
DelestrogenHMDB
Progynon depotHMDB
Progynon-depotHMDB
EstradiolChEBI
Chemical FormulaC18H24O2
Average Mass272.3820 Da
Monoisotopic Mass272.17763 Da
IUPAC Name(1S,10R,11S,14S,15S)-15-methyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadeca-2(7),3,5-triene-5,14-diol
Traditional Name(1S,10R,11S,14S,15S)-15-methyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadeca-2(7),3,5-triene-5,14-diol
CAS Registry Number50-28-2
SMILES
[H]OC1=C([H])C([H])=C2C(=C1[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[C@@]1([H])[C@]3([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[C@]([H])(O[H])[C@@]3(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[C@]21[H]
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C18H24O2/c1-18-9-8-14-13-5-3-12(19)10-11(13)2-4-15(14)16(18)6-7-17(18)20/h3,5,10,14-17,19-20H,2,4,6-9H2,1H3/t14-,15-,16+,17+,18+/m1/s1
InChI KeyVOXZDWNPVJITMN-ZBRFXRBCSA-N
Experimental Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionDepositor EmailDepositor OrganizationDepositorDeposition DateView
2D NMR[1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, 100%_DMSO, experimental)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
Predicted Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionDepositor IDDepositor OrganizationDepositorDeposition DateView
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 25 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 252 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 50 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 75 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 101 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 126 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 151 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 176 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 201 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 226 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
Chemical Shift Submissions
Not Available
Species
Species of Origin
Species NameSourceReference
Anas platyrhynchosFooDB
AnatidaeFooDB
Anser anserFooDB
Bison bisonFooDB
Bos taurusFooDB
Bos taurus X Bison bisonFooDB
Bubalus bubalisFooDB
Capra aegagrus hircusFooDB
CervidaeFooDB
Cervus canadensisFooDB
ColumbaFooDB
ColumbidaeFooDB
Dalbergia sissooLOTUS Database
Daphnia magnaLOTUS Database
Dromaius novaehollandiaeFooDB
Equus caballusFooDB
Gallus gallusFooDB
Homo sapiensLOTUS Database
Ilybius fenestratusLOTUS Database
Lagopus mutaFooDB
LeporidaeFooDB
Lepus timidusFooDB
Locusta migratoriaLOTUS Database
Melanitta fuscaFooDB
Meleagris gallopavoFooDB
Mus musculusLOTUS Database
Numida meleagrisFooDB
OdocoileusFooDB
OryctolagusFooDB
Ovis ariesFooDB
Phaseolus vulgarisFooDB
PhasianidaeFooDB
Phasianus colchicusFooDB
Prunus armeniacaLOTUS Database
Punica granatumKNApSAcK Database
Sarcophaga bullataLOTUS Database
Solanum glaucophyllumLOTUS Database
Struthio camelusFooDB
Sus scrofaFooDB
Sus scrofa domesticaFooDB
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as estrogens and derivatives. These are steroids with a structure containing a 3-hydroxylated estrane.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassLipids and lipid-like molecules
ClassSteroids and steroid derivatives
Sub ClassEstrane steroids
Direct ParentEstrogens and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Estrogen-skeleton
  • 17-hydroxysteroid
  • Hydroxysteroid
  • 3-hydroxysteroid
  • Phenanthrene
  • Tetralin
  • 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid
  • Benzenoid
  • Cyclic alcohol
  • Secondary alcohol
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Alcohol
  • Aromatic homopolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic homopolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point178.5 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility0.0036 mg/mLNot Available
LogP4.01Hansch CH, Leo A and Hoekman DH. "Exploring QSAR: Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constraints. Volume 1" ACS Publications (1995).
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.021 g/LALOGPS
logP3.57ALOGPS
logP3.75ChemAxon
logS-4.1ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)10.33ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-0.88ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count2ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area40.46 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count0ChemAxon
Refractivity79.9 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability32.12 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings4ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
HMDB IDHMDB0000151
DrugBank IDDB00783
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FoodDB IDFDB030279
KNApSAcK IDC00058478
Chemspider ID5554
KEGG Compound IDC00951
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG ID36456
Wikipedia LinkEstradiol
METLIN ID263
PubChem Compound5757
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID16469
Good Scents IDrw1223181
References
General References
  1. Carani C, Qin K, Simoni M, Faustini-Fustini M, Serpente S, Boyd J, Korach KS, Simpson ER: Effect of testosterone and estradiol in a man with aromatase deficiency. N Engl J Med. 1997 Jul 10;337(2):91-5. [PubMed:9211678 ]
  2. Raman JD, Schlegel PN: Aromatase inhibitors for male infertility. J Urol. 2002 Feb;167(2 Pt 1):624-9. [PubMed:11792932 ]
  3. Garcia-Segura LM, Sanz A, Mendez P: Cross-talk between IGF-I and estradiol in the brain: focus on neuroprotection. Neuroendocrinology. 2006;84(4):275-9. Epub 2006 Nov 23. [PubMed:17124377 ]
  4. Martina V, Benso A, Gigliardi VR, Masha A, Origlia C, Granata R, Ghigo E: Short-term dehydroepiandrosterone treatment increases platelet cGMP production in elderly male subjects. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006 Mar;64(3):260-4. [PubMed:16487434 ]
  5. Schaap LA, Pluijm SM, Smit JH, van Schoor NM, Visser M, Gooren LJ, Lips P: The association of sex hormone levels with poor mobility, low muscle strength and incidence of falls among older men and women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005 Aug;63(2):152-60. [PubMed:16060908 ]
  6. Evagelatou M, Webster AD, Farrant J: Effects of 17 beta-oestradiol on function of lymphocytes from normal donors and patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). Clin Exp Immunol. 1994 Nov;98(2):203-9. [PubMed:7955523 ]
  7. Gibney MJ, Walsh M, Brennan L, Roche HM, German B, van Ommen B: Metabolomics in human nutrition: opportunities and challenges. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Sep;82(3):497-503. [PubMed:16155259 ]
  8. Carnevale V, Scillitani A, Vecci E, D'Erasmo E, Romagnoli E, Paglia F, Pepe J, Baldini V, Santori C, De Geronimo S, Minisola S: Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and bone resorption rates as reflected by serum levels of C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen: a study in healthy men. J Endocrinol Invest. 2005 Feb;28(2):102-5. [PubMed:15887853 ]
  9. Jojua T, Sumbadze TS, Papava M: Secretion of sex hormones in patients with open angle glaucoma. Georgian Med News. 2005 Jul-Aug;(124-125):33-7. [PubMed:16148373 ]
  10. Hamden KE, Ford PW, Whitman AG, Dyson OF, Cheng SY, McCubrey JA, Akula SM: Raf-induced vascular endothelial growth factor augments Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection. J Virol. 2004 Dec;78(23):13381-90. [PubMed:15542692 ]
  11. Lahdes-Vasama TT, Koskimaki JE, Streng TK, Fisch RD, Nilson EA, Santti RS, Tammela TL: Urodynamic findings in men operated on for an undescended testicle. BJU Int. 2003 Dec;92(9):972-6. [PubMed:14632858 ]
  12. Iranmanesh A, Veldhuis JD: Combined inhibition of types I and II 5 alpha-reductase selectively augments the basal (nonpulsatile) mode of testosterone secretion in young men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Jul;90(7):4232-7. Epub 2005 Apr 5. [PubMed:15811930 ]
  13. Stabile LP, Davis AL, Gubish CT, Hopkins TM, Luketich JD, Christie N, Finkelstein S, Siegfried JM: Human non-small cell lung tumors and cells derived from normal lung express both estrogen receptor alpha and beta and show biological responses to estrogen. Cancer Res. 2002 Apr 1;62(7):2141-50. [PubMed:11929836 ]
  14. Chabbert-Buffet N, Bouchard P: [Physiology and exploration of the gonadotropic axis]. Rev Prat. 1999 Jun 15;49(12):1270-6. [PubMed:10488657 ]
  15. Schonknecht P, Henze M, Hunt A, Klinga K, Haberkorn U, Schroder J: Hippocampal glucose metabolism is associated with cerebrospinal fluid estrogen levels in postmenopausal women with Alzheimer's disease. Psychiatry Res. 2003 Oct 30;124(2):125-7. [PubMed:14561431 ]
  16. Elliott KJ, Cable NT, Reilly T: Does oral contraceptive use affect maximum force production in women? Br J Sports Med. 2005 Jan;39(1):15-9. [PubMed:15618333 ]
  17. Blomquist CH, D'Ascoli PT: Gestational development of human placental 17 beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase types 1 and 2. Hum Reprod. 1995 Oct;10(10):2685-9. [PubMed:8567793 ]
  18. Fraser D, Padwick ML, Whitehead M, Coffer A, King RJ: Presence of an oestradiol receptor-related protein in the skin: changes during the normal menstrual cycle. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1991 Dec;98(12):1277-82. [PubMed:1777462 ]
  19. Greb RR, Grieshaber K, Gromoll J, Sonntag B, Nieschlag E, Kiesel L, Simoni M: A common single nucleotide polymorphism in exon 10 of the human follicle stimulating hormone receptor is a major determinant of length and hormonal dynamics of the menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Aug;90(8):4866-72. Epub 2005 May 10. [PubMed:15886248 ]
  20. Archer JS, Love-Geffen TE, Herbst-Damm KL, Swinney DA, Chang JR: Effect of estradiol versus estradiol and testosterone on brain-activation patterns in postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2006 May-Jun;13(3):528-37. [PubMed:16735951 ]
  21. Anwar A, McTernan PG, Anderson LA, Askaa J, Moody CG, Barnett AH, Eggo MC, Kumar S: Site-specific regulation of oestrogen receptor-alpha and -beta by oestradiol in human adipose tissue. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2001 Oct;3(5):338-49. [PubMed:11703424 ]
  22. Tanko LB, Christiansen C: Effects of 17beta-oestradiol plus different doses of drospirenone on adipose tissue, adiponectin and atherogenic metabolites in postmenopausal women. J Intern Med. 2005 Dec;258(6):544-53. [PubMed:16313478 ]
  23. Sulcova J, Hampl R, Hill M, Starka L, Novacek A: Delayed effects of short-term transdermal application of 7-oxo-dehydroepiandrosterone on its metabolites, some hormonal steroids and relevant proteohormones in healthy male volunteers. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2005;43(2):221-7. [PubMed:15843221 ]
  24. Shimizu I, Kohno N, Tamaki K, Shono M, Huang HW, He JH, Yao DF: Female hepatology: favorable role of estrogen in chronic liver disease with hepatitis B virus infection. World J Gastroenterol. 2007 Aug 28;13(32):4295-305. [PubMed:17708600 ]
  25. Friedman AE: Can a single model explain both breast cancer and prostate cancer? Theor Biol Med Model. 2007 Aug 1;4:28. [PubMed:17678531 ]
  26. Ishii H, Tsurugizawa T, Ogiue-Ikeda M, Asashima M, Mukai H, Murakami G, Hojo Y, Kimoto T, Kawato S: Local production of sex hormones and their modulation of hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Neuroscientist. 2007 Aug;13(4):323-34. [PubMed:17644764 ]
  27. Behl C, Widmann M, Trapp T, Holsboer F: 17-beta estradiol protects neurons from oxidative stress-induced cell death in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995 Nov 13;216(2):473-82. [PubMed:7488136 ]
  28. Sharpe RM, Skakkebaek NE: Are oestrogens involved in falling sperm counts and disorders of the male reproductive tract? Lancet. 1993 May 29;341(8857):1392-5. [PubMed:8098802 ]
  29. Pentikainen V, Erkkila K, Suomalainen L, Parvinen M, Dunkel L: Estradiol acts as a germ cell survival factor in the human testis in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 May;85(5):2057-67. [PubMed:10843196 ]
  30. Schmidt JW, Wollner D, Curcio J, Riedlinger J, Kim LS: Hormone replacement therapy in menopausal women: Past problems and future possibilities. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2006 Oct;22(10):564-77. [PubMed:17135036 ]
  31. Foresta C, Zuccarello D, Biagioli A, De Toni L, Prana E, Nicoletti V, Ambrosini G, Ferlin A: Oestrogen stimulates endothelial progenitor cells via oestrogen receptor-alpha. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2007 Oct;67(4):520-5. Epub 2007 Jun 15. [PubMed:17573901 ]