Record Information |
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Version | 2.0 |
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Created at | 2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC |
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Updated at | 2022-05-31 19:05:02 UTC |
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NP-MRD ID | NP0001215 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | None |
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Natural Product Identification |
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Common Name | Ketoleucine |
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Description | Ketoleucine is an abnormal metabolite that arises from the incomplete breakdown of branched-chain amino acids. Ketoleucine is both a neurotoxin and a metabotoxin. A neurotoxin causes damage to nerve cells and nerve tissues. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of ketoleucine are associated with maple syrup urine disease (MSUD). MSUD is a metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of the branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC), leading to a buildup of the branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) and their toxic by-products (ketoacids) in the blood and urine. The symptoms of MSUD often show in infancy and lead to severe brain damage if untreated. MSUD may also present later depending on the severity of the disease. If left untreated in older individuals, during times of metabolic crisis, symptoms of the condition include uncharacteristically inappropriate, extreme, or erratic behaviour and moods, hallucinations, anorexia, weight loss, anemia, diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, lethargy, oscillating hypertonia and hypotonia, ataxia, seizures, hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis, opisthotonus, pancreatitis, rapid neurological decline, and coma. In maple syrup urine disease, the brain concentration of branched-chain ketoacids can increase 10- to 20-fold. This leads to a depletion of glutamate and a consequent reduction in the concentration of brain glutamine, aspartate, alanine, and other amino acids. The result is a compromise of energy metabolism because of a failure of the malate-aspartate shuttle and a diminished rate of protein synthesis (PMID: 15930465 ). |
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Structure | InChI=1S/C6H10O3/c1-4(2)3-5(7)6(8)9/h4H,3H2,1-2H3,(H,8,9) |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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2-oxo-4-METHYLPENTANOIC ACID | ChEBI | 2-Oxoisocaproate | ChEBI | 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoate | ChEBI | 4-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acid | ChEBI | alpha-Ketoisocaproic acid | ChEBI | 2-oxo-4-METHYLPENTANOate | Generator | 2-Oxoisocaproic acid | Generator | 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid | Generator | 4-Methyl-2-oxovalerate | Generator | a-Ketoisocaproate | Generator | a-Ketoisocaproic acid | Generator | alpha-Ketoisocaproate | Generator | Α-ketoisocaproate | Generator | Α-ketoisocaproic acid | Generator | 2-Keto-4-methylvalerate | HMDB | 2-Keto-4-methylvaleric acid | HMDB | 2-Ketoisocaproate | HMDB | 2-Ketoisocaproic acid | HMDB | 2-oxo-4-Methylvalerate | HMDB | 2-oxo-4-Methylvaleric acid | HMDB | 2-Oxoleucine | HMDB | 4-Methyl-2-oxo-valerate | HMDB | 4-Methyl-2-oxo-valeric acid | HMDB | a-Ketoisocapronate | HMDB | a-Ketoisocapronic acid | HMDB | a-Oxoisocaproate | HMDB | a-Oxoisocaproic acid | HMDB | alpha-Keto-isocaproate | HMDB | alpha-Keto-isocaproic acid | HMDB | alpha-Ketoisocapronate | HMDB | alpha-Ketoisocapronic acid | HMDB | alpha-Oxoisocaproate | HMDB | alpha-Oxoisocaproic acid | HMDB | Ketoisocaproate | HMDB | Ketoisocaproic acid | HMDB | Methyloxovalerate | HMDB | Methyloxovaleric acid | HMDB | Oxoisocaproate | HMDB | Oxoisocaproic acid | HMDB | Keto-leucine | HMDB |
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Chemical Formula | C6H10O3 |
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Average Mass | 130.1418 Da |
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Monoisotopic Mass | 130.06299 Da |
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IUPAC Name | 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid |
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Traditional Name | ketoisocaproate |
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CAS Registry Number | 816-66-0 |
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SMILES | CC(C)CC(=O)C(O)=O |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C6H10O3/c1-4(2)3-5(7)6(8)9/h4H,3H2,1-2H3,(H,8,9) |
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InChI Key | BKAJNAXTPSGJCU-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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Experimental Spectra |
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| Spectrum Type | Description | Depositor Email | Depositor Organization | Depositor | Deposition Date | View |
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1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, H2O, simulated) | Ahselim | | | 2022-05-31 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H2O, experimental) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 2D NMR | [1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum |
| Predicted Spectra |
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| Not Available | Chemical Shift Submissions |
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| Not Available | Species |
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Species of Origin | |
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Species Where Detected | |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as short-chain keto acids and derivatives. These are keto acids with an alkyl chain the contains less than 6 carbon atoms. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Organic acids and derivatives |
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Class | Keto acids and derivatives |
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Sub Class | Short-chain keto acids and derivatives |
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Direct Parent | Short-chain keto acids and derivatives |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Branched fatty acid
- Methyl-branched fatty acid
- Short-chain keto acid
- Alpha-keto acid
- Fatty acyl
- Alpha-hydroxy ketone
- Ketone
- Carboxylic acid derivative
- Carboxylic acid
- Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
- Carbonyl group
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organic oxygen compound
- Organooxygen compound
- Organic oxide
- Aliphatic acyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aliphatic acyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Liquid |
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Experimental Properties | |
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Predicted Properties | |
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General References | - Martin PM, Gopal E, Ananth S, Zhuang L, Itagaki S, Prasad BM, Smith SB, Prasad PD, Ganapathy V: Identity of SMCT1 (SLC5A8) as a neuron-specific Na+-coupled transporter for active uptake of L-lactate and ketone bodies in the brain. J Neurochem. 2006 Jul;98(1):279-88. [PubMed:16805814 ]
- Yudkoff M, Daikhin Y, Nissim I, Horyn O, Luhovyy B, Lazarow A, Nissim I: Brain amino acid requirements and toxicity: the example of leucine. J Nutr. 2005 Jun;135(6 Suppl):1531S-8S. [PubMed:15930465 ]
- Chow LS, Albright RC, Bigelow ML, Toffolo G, Cobelli C, Nair KS: Mechanism of insulin's anabolic effect on muscle: measurements of muscle protein synthesis and breakdown using aminoacyl-tRNA and other surrogate measures. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Oct;291(4):E729-36. Epub 2006 May 16. [PubMed:16705065 ]
- Wang Y, Holmes E, Nicholson JK, Cloarec O, Chollet J, Tanner M, Singer BH, Utzinger J: Metabonomic investigations in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni: an approach for biomarker identification. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Aug 24;101(34):12676-81. Epub 2004 Aug 16. [PubMed:15314235 ]
- Mitch WE, Walser M, Sapir DG: Nitrogen sparing induced by leucine compared with that induced by its keto analogue, alpha-ketoisocaproate, in fasting obese man. J Clin Invest. 1981 Feb;67(2):553-62. [PubMed:7462428 ]
- Sgaravatti AM, Rosa RB, Schuck PF, Ribeiro CA, Wannmacher CM, Wyse AT, Dutra-Filho CS, Wajner M: Inhibition of brain energy metabolism by the alpha-keto acids accumulating in maple syrup urine disease. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2003 Nov 20;1639(3):232-8. [PubMed:14636955 ]
- Schadewaldt P, Hammen HW, Ott AC, Wendel U: Renal clearance of branched-chain L-amino and 2-oxo acids in maple syrup urine disease. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1999 Aug;22(6):706-22. [PubMed:10472531 ]
- Hachey DL, Patterson BW, Reeds PJ, Elsas LJ: Isotopic determination of organic keto acid pentafluorobenzyl esters in biological fluids by negative chemical ionization gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal Chem. 1991 May 1;63(9):919-23. [PubMed:1858984 ]
- Farias HR, Gabriel JR, Cecconi ML, Lemos IS, de Rezende VL, Wessler LB, Duarte MB, Scaini G, de Oliveira J, Streck EL: The metabolic effect of alpha-ketoisocaproic acid: in vivo and in vitro studies. Metab Brain Dis. 2021 Jan;36(1):185-192. doi: 10.1007/s11011-020-00626-y. Epub 2020 Oct 9. [PubMed:33034842 ]
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