Record Information |
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Version | 2.0 |
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Created at | 2006-08-12 19:06:03 UTC |
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Updated at | 2024-09-17 15:44:05 UTC |
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NP-MRD ID | NP0001125 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | None |
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Natural Product Identification |
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Common Name | Oxidized glutathione |
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Description | Oxidized glutathione, also known as glutathione disulfide or GSSG, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as peptides. Peptides are compounds containing an amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by the formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another. In humans, oxidized glutathione is involved in the metabolic disorder called leukotriene C4 synthesis deficiency pathway. Outside of the human body, oxidized glutathione has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as leeks, star anises, mamey sapotes, climbing beans, and common persimmons. Oxidized glutathione is a glutathione dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized. Glutathione participates in leukotriene synthesis and is a cofactor for the enzyme glutathione peroxidase. It is also important as a hydrophilic molecule that is added to lipophilic toxins and waste in the liver during biotransformation before they can become part of the bile. Glutathione is also needed for the detoxification of methylglyoxal, a toxin produced as a by-product of metabolism. This detoxification reaction is carried out by the glyoxalase system. Glyoxalase I (EC 4.4.1.5) Catalyzes the conversion of methylglyoxal and reduced glutathione into S-D-lactoyl-glutathione. Glyoxalase II (EC 3.1.2.6) Catalyzes the hydrolysis of S-D-lactoyl-glutathione into glutathione and D-lactate. |
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Structure | N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N[C@@H](CSSC[C@H](NC(=O)CC[C@H](N)C(O)=O)C(=O)NCC(O)=O)C(=O)NCC(O)=O)C(O)=O InChI=1S/C20H32N6O12S2/c21-9(19(35)36)1-3-13(27)25-11(17(33)23-5-15(29)30)7-39-40-8-12(18(34)24-6-16(31)32)26-14(28)4-2-10(22)20(37)38/h9-12H,1-8,21-22H2,(H,23,33)(H,24,34)(H,25,27)(H,26,28)(H,29,30)(H,31,32)(H,35,36)(H,37,38)/t9-,10-,11-,12-/m0/s1 |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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Glutathione disulphide | ChEBI | GSSG | ChEBI | Oxidised glutathione | ChEBI | OXIDIZED glutathione disulfide | ChEBI | Oxiglutatione | ChEBI | Glutathione | Kegg | Glutathione disulfide | Generator | OXIDIZED glutathione disulphide | Generator | Disulfide, glutathione | HMDB | Glutathione, oxidized | HMDB | Glutathione disulfide, ion(1-) | HMDB | Glutathione-S-S-glutathione | HMDB | Glutathione-SSG | HMDB | Oxidized L-glutathione | HMDB | Selenoglutathione | HMDB | Oxidized glutathione | ChEBI |
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Chemical Formula | C20H32N6O12S2 |
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Average Mass | 612.6310 Da |
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Monoisotopic Mass | 612.15196 Da |
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IUPAC Name | (2S)-2-amino-4-{[(1R)-2-{[(2R)-2-[(4S)-4-amino-4-carboxybutanamido]-2-[(carboxymethyl)carbamoyl]ethyl]disulfanyl}-1-[(carboxymethyl)carbamoyl]ethyl]carbamoyl}butanoic acid |
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Traditional Name | glutathione disulfide |
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CAS Registry Number | 27025-41-8 |
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SMILES | NC(CCC(=O)NC(CSSCC(NC(=O)CCC(N)C(O)=O)C(=O)NCC(O)=O)C(=O)NCC(O)=O)C(O)=O |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C20H32N6O12S2/c21-9(19(35)36)1-3-13(27)25-11(17(33)23-5-15(29)30)7-39-40-8-12(18(34)24-6-16(31)32)26-14(28)4-2-10(22)20(37)38/h9-12H,1-8,21-22H2,(H,23,33)(H,24,34)(H,25,27)(H,26,28)(H,29,30)(H,31,32)(H,35,36)(H,37,38) |
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InChI Key | YPZRWBKMTBYPTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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Experimental Spectra |
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| Spectrum Type | Description | Depositor Email | Depositor Organization | Depositor | Deposition Date | View |
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| Predicted Spectra |
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| Spectrum Type | Description | Depositor ID | Depositor Organization | Depositor | Deposition Date | View |
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1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 25 MHz, D2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 252 MHz, D2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 50 MHz, D2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 75 MHz, D2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 101 MHz, D2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 126 MHz, D2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 151 MHz, D2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 176 MHz, D2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 201 MHz, D2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 226 MHz, D2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum |
| Chemical Shift Submissions |
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| Not Available | Species |
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Species of Origin | |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as peptides. Peptides are compounds containing an amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Organic acids and derivatives |
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Class | Carboxylic acids and derivatives |
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Sub Class | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues |
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Direct Parent | Peptides |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Alpha peptide
- N-acyl-alpha-amino acid
- N-acyl-alpha amino acid or derivatives
- Tetracarboxylic acid or derivatives
- Alpha-amino acid
- Alpha-amino acid or derivatives
- L-alpha-amino acid
- Amino acid or derivatives
- Amino acid
- Dialkyldisulfide
- Organic disulfide
- Carboximidic acid
- Carboximidic acid derivative
- Carboxylic acid
- Organic 1,3-dipolar compound
- Propargyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compound
- Sulfenyl compound
- Amine
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organic oxide
- Primary aliphatic amine
- Organic oxygen compound
- Organic nitrogen compound
- Organonitrogen compound
- Organooxygen compound
- Organosulfur compound
- Organopnictogen compound
- Primary amine
- Carbonyl group
- Aliphatic acyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aliphatic acyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | Not Available | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | 300200 mg/L @ 25 °C (est) | The Good Scents Company Information System | LogP | Not Available | Not Available |
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Predicted Properties | |
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General References | - Kondo T, Ohtsuka Y, Shimada M, Kawakami Y, Hiyoshi Y, Tsuji Y, Fujii H, Miwa S: Erythrocyte-oxidized glutathione transport in pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase deficiency. Am J Hematol. 1987 Sep;26(1):37-45. [PubMed:2888306 ]
- Calabrese V, Scapagnini G, Ravagna A, Bella R, Butterfield DA, Calvani M, Pennisi G, Giuffrida Stella AM: Disruption of thiol homeostasis and nitrosative stress in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with active multiple sclerosis: evidence for a protective role of acetylcarnitine. Neurochem Res. 2003 Sep;28(9):1321-8. [PubMed:12938853 ]
- Tauler P, Sureda A, Cases N, Aguilo A, Rodriguez-Marroyo JA, Villa G, Tur JA, Pons A: Increased lymphocyte antioxidant defences in response to exhaustive exercise do not prevent oxidative damage. J Nutr Biochem. 2006 Oct;17(10):665-71. Epub 2005 Nov 28. [PubMed:16481153 ]
- Slivka A, Spina MB, Cohen G: Reduced and oxidized glutathione in human and monkey brain. Neurosci Lett. 1987 Feb 10;74(1):112-8. [PubMed:3561870 ]
- Aukrust P, Svardal AM, Muller F, Lunden B, Berge RK, Ueland PM, Froland SS: Increased levels of oxidized glutathione in CD4+ lymphocytes associated with disturbed intracellular redox balance in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Blood. 1995 Jul 1;86(1):258-67. [PubMed:7795231 ]
- Sakhi AK, Russnes KM, Smeland S, Blomhoff R, Gundersen TE: Simultaneous quantification of reduced and oxidized glutathione in plasma using a two-dimensional chromatographic system with parallel porous graphitized carbon columns coupled with fluorescence and coulometric electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr A. 2006 Feb 3;1104(1-2):179-89. [PubMed:16376913 ]
- Glazyrin AL, Kolesnikov SI, Safronov AYu: Histochemical localization of oxidized glutathione-catalysing enzymes in human term placenta. Histochem J. 1993 Jan;25(1):45-50. [PubMed:8432663 ]
- Carru C, Zinellu A, Pes GM, Marongiu G, Tadolini B, Deiana L: Ultrarapid capillary electrophoresis method for the determination of reduced and oxidized glutathione in red blood cells. Electrophoresis. 2002 Jun;23(11):1716-21. [PubMed:12179993 ]
- Tohgi H, Abe T, Saheki M, Hamato F, Sasaki K, Takahashi S: Reduced and oxidized forms of glutathione and alpha-tocopherol in the cerebrospinal fluid of parkinsonian patients: comparison between before and after L-dopa treatment. Neurosci Lett. 1995 Jan 16;184(1):21-4. [PubMed:7739798 ]
- Yoshida T: Determination of reduced and oxidized glutathione in erythrocytes by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorbance detection. J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl. 1996 Apr 12;678(2):157-64. [PubMed:8738017 ]
- Sofic E, Lange KW, Jellinger K, Riederer P: Reduced and oxidized glutathione in the substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett. 1992 Aug 17;142(2):128-30. [PubMed:1454205 ]
- Muda P, Kampus P, Zilmer M, Zilmer K, Kairane C, Ristimae T, Fischer K, Teesalu R: Homocysteine and red blood cell glutathione as indices for middle-aged untreated essential hypertension patients. J Hypertens. 2003 Dec;21(12):2329-33. [PubMed:14654754 ]
- Satoh T, Yoshioka Y: Contribution of reduced and oxidized glutathione to signals detected by magnetic resonance spectroscopy as indicators of local brain redox state. Neurosci Res. 2006 May;55(1):34-9. Epub 2006 Feb 24. [PubMed:16503064 ]
- Srivastava SK, Beutler E: Oxidized glutathione levels in erythrocytes of glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase-deficient subjects. Lancet. 1968 Jul 6;2(7558):23-4. [PubMed:4172687 ]
- Board P, Nishida T, Gatmaitan Z, Che M, Arias IM: Erythrocyte membrane transport of glutathione conjugates and oxidized glutathione in the Dubin-Johnson syndrome and in rats with hereditary hyperbilirubinemia. Hepatology. 1992 Apr;15(4):722-5. [PubMed:1551648 ]
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