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Showing NP-Card for L-Carnitine (NP0001110)

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Record Information
Version2.0
Created at2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
Updated at2024-09-17 15:43:59 UTC
NP-MRD IDNP0001110
Secondary Accession NumbersNone
Natural Product Identification
Common NameL-Carnitine
DescriptionCarnitine is a non-essential amino acid and a quaternary ammonium compound. Carnitine is also classified as an alcohol (specifically, a trimethylated carboxy-alcohol). Carnitine exists as one of two stereoisomers (the two enantiomers D-carnitine and L-carnitine. Both are biologically active, but only L-carnitine naturally occurs in animals, and D-carnitine is toxic as it inhibits the activity of the L-form. Carnitine is involved in the metabolism in most mammals, plants, and some bacteria. Carnitine plays a key role in lipid metabolism and beta-oxidation. It is used to transport long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria to be oxidized for energy production. This is done by forming a long chain acetylcarnitine esters which are then transported by carnitine palmitoyltransferase I and carnitine palmitoyltransferase II. Carnitine also participates in removing products of metabolism from cells. Given its key metabolic roles, carnitine is concentrated in skeletal and cardiac muscle as well as other tissues that metabolize fatty acids as an energy source. A normal 70 kilogram person typically produces 11–34 mg of carnitine per day. Adults eating mixed diets of red meat and other animal products ingest 60–180 mg of carnitine per day, while vegans consume about 10–12 mg per day. Most carnitine obtained from the diet is absorbed in the small intestine before entering the blood.[3] The total body content of carnitine is about 20 grams in a person weighing 70 kilograms, with nearly all of it contained within skeletal muscle cells. Carnitine is so important in providing energy to muscles (including the heart) that some researchers are now recommending carnitine supplements in the diet, particularly for people who do not consume much red meat (the main food source for carnitine). Carnitine has been described as a vitamin, an amino acid, or a metabimin (i.E. An essential metabolite). Like the B vitamins, carnitine contains nitrogen and is very soluble in water. However, most animals, including humans, make their own carnitine; thus, carnitine cannot be considered to be a vitamin. In certain circumstances, such as methionine deficiency, lysine deficiency, vitamin C deficiency or kidney dialysis, carnitine shortages can develop. Under these conditions, carnitine must be absorbed from food, and for this reason, it is sometimes referred to as a "metabimin" or a conditionally essential metabolite. In humans, about 25% of carnitine is synthesized in the liver, kidney, and brain from lysine and methionine. Most of the carnitine in the body comes from dietary sources such as red meat and dairy products. Inborn errors of carnitine metabolism such as Reye’s syndrome can lead to brain deterioration gradually worsening muscle weakness, Duchenne-like muscular dystrophy, and extreme muscle weakness with fat accumulation in muscles. Carnitine is an essential nutrient for pre-term babies and individuals who are unable to eat a normal diet (e.G. Non-ketotic hypoglycemics, kidney dialysis patients) (PMID: 115309 ). In conditions such as kwashiorkor, cirrhosis, and heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy) as well as in inborn errors of metabolism such as type IV hyperlipidemia and propionic aciduria, carnitine is essential to life and carnitine supplements are critically important. Carnitine therapy may also be useful in a wide variety of clinical conditions. Carnitine supplementation has improved some patients who have angina secondary to coronary artery disease. Carnitine supplements may also be useful in many forms of metabolic liver diseases and heart muscle disease. Hearts undergoing severe arrhythmia quickly deplete their stores of carnitine. Athletes, particularly in Europe, have used carnitine supplements for improved endurance. Carnitine may improve muscle building by improving fat utilization and may even be useful in treating obesity. Carnitine may be of value in treating pregnant women, hypothyroid individuals, and male infertility due to the low motility of sperm. Carnitine deficiency is noted in abnormal liver function, renal dialysis patients, and severe to moderate muscular weakness with associated anorexia. Carnitine is a biomarker for the consumption of meat. In fact, carnitine was first extracted from meat extracts in 1905, leading to its name from Latin, "caro/carnis" or flesh.
Structure
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MOL3D MOLSDF3D SDFPDB3D PDBSMILESInChI

MOL for NP0001110 (L-Carnitine)

583
  Mrv1652303182019232D          

 11 10  0  0  1  0            999 V2000
    3.7935   -0.6419    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    5.9370    0.5957    0.0000 O   0  5  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    5.2224   -0.6419    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.3645    0.1832    0.0000 N   0  3  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.0791    0.5957    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.7935    0.1832    0.0000 C   0  0  1  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.6500   -0.2294    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.9520    0.8976    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.7770   -0.5313    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    4.5080    0.5957    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    5.2224    0.1832    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  6  1  1  1  0  0  0
  2 11  1  0  0  0  0
  3 11  2  0  0  0  0
  4  5  1  0  0  0  0
  4  7  1  0  0  0  0
  4  8  1  0  0  0  0
  4  9  1  0  0  0  0
  5  6  1  0  0  0  0
  6 10  1  0  0  0  0
 10 11  1  0  0  0  0
M  CHG  2   2  -1   4   1
M  END
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3D MOL for NP0001110 (L-Carnitine)

NP0001110
     RDKit          3D

 26 25  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0999 V2000
   -2.1559   -0.7619    1.1313 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.3002   -0.0254    0.1885 N   0  0  0  0  0  4  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.3146    1.3459    0.5981 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.9337   -0.1759   -1.1157 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.0313   -0.6492    0.1780 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.1346    0.2843   -0.0028 C   0  0  2  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.0632    0.9860   -1.2083 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.3863   -0.5677   -0.0784 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.6020    0.2684   -0.2581 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    4.6995   -0.3406   -0.3332 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.5177    1.6506   -0.3378 O   0  0  0  0  0  1  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.9057   -0.4489    2.1586 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.8789   -1.8273    1.0434 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.2181   -0.6652    0.8815 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.5852    1.9904    0.1116 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.3228    1.7665    0.4030 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.1574    1.4179    1.6993 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.6938   -1.1767   -1.5467 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.0434   -0.0658   -1.0014 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.5405    0.6277   -1.7701 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.1554   -1.2302    1.1041 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.0317   -1.4031   -0.6572 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.2606    0.9725    0.8594 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.4498    0.4354   -1.9065 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.4736   -1.1828    0.8341 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.3073   -1.2247   -0.9710 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  1  0
  2  3  1  0
  2  4  1  0
  2  5  1  0
  5  6  1  0
  6  7  1  0
  6  8  1  0
  8  9  1  0
  9 10  2  0
  9 11  1  0
  1 12  1  0
  1 13  1  0
  1 14  1  0
  3 15  1  0
  3 16  1  0
  3 17  1  0
  4 18  1  0
  4 19  1  0
  4 20  1  0
  5 21  1  0
  5 22  1  0
  6 23  1  1
  7 24  1  0
  8 25  1  0
  8 26  1  0
M  CHG  2   2   1  11  -1
M  END
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3D SDF for NP0001110 (L-Carnitine)

583
  Mrv1652303182019232D          

 11 10  0  0  1  0            999 V2000
    3.7935   -0.6419    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    5.9370    0.5957    0.0000 O   0  5  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    5.2224   -0.6419    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.3645    0.1832    0.0000 N   0  3  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.0791    0.5957    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.7935    0.1832    0.0000 C   0  0  1  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.6500   -0.2294    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.9520    0.8976    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.7770   -0.5313    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    4.5080    0.5957    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    5.2224    0.1832    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  6  1  1  1  0  0  0
  2 11  1  0  0  0  0
  3 11  2  0  0  0  0
  4  5  1  0  0  0  0
  4  7  1  0  0  0  0
  4  8  1  0  0  0  0
  4  9  1  0  0  0  0
  5  6  1  0  0  0  0
  6 10  1  0  0  0  0
 10 11  1  0  0  0  0
M  CHG  2   2  -1   4   1
M  END
> <DATABASE_ID>
NP0001110

> <DATABASE_NAME>
NP-MRD

> <SMILES>
C[N+](C)(C)C[C@H](O)CC([O-])=O

> <INCHI_IDENTIFIER>
InChI=1S/C7H15NO3/c1-8(2,3)5-6(9)4-7(10)11/h6,9H,4-5H2,1-3H3/t6-/m1/s1

> <INCHI_KEY>
PHIQHXFUZVPYII-ZCFIWIBFSA-N

> <FORMULA>
C7H15NO3

> <MOLECULAR_WEIGHT>
161.1989

> <EXACT_MASS>
161.105193351

> <JCHEM_ACCEPTOR_COUNT>
3

> <JCHEM_ATOM_COUNT>
26

> <JCHEM_AVERAGE_POLARIZABILITY>
16.92647114441721

> <JCHEM_BIOAVAILABILITY>
1

> <JCHEM_DONOR_COUNT>
1

> <JCHEM_FORMAL_CHARGE>
0

> <JCHEM_GHOSE_FILTER>
0

> <JCHEM_IUPAC>
(3R)-3-hydroxy-4-(trimethylazaniumyl)butanoate

> <ALOGPS_LOGP>
-2.90

> <JCHEM_LOGP>
-4.887506048138412

> <ALOGPS_LOGS>
-1.60

> <JCHEM_MDDR_LIKE_RULE>
0

> <JCHEM_NUMBER_OF_RINGS>
0

> <JCHEM_PHYSIOLOGICAL_CHARGE>
0

> <JCHEM_PKA>
13.524970024955305

> <JCHEM_PKA_STRONGEST_ACIDIC>
4.196175564563187

> <JCHEM_PKA_STRONGEST_BASIC>
-3.569523257122939

> <JCHEM_POLAR_SURFACE_AREA>
60.36

> <JCHEM_REFRACTIVITY>
63.48530000000001

> <JCHEM_ROTATABLE_BOND_COUNT>
4

> <JCHEM_RULE_OF_FIVE>
1

> <ALOGPS_SOLUBILITY>
5.33e+00 g/l

> <JCHEM_TRADITIONAL_IUPAC>
L-carnitine

> <JCHEM_VEBER_RULE>
0

$$$$
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3D-SDF for NP0001110 (L-Carnitine)

NP0001110
     RDKit          3D

 26 25  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0999 V2000
   -2.1559   -0.7619    1.1313 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.3002   -0.0254    0.1885 N   0  0  0  0  0  4  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.3146    1.3459    0.5981 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.9337   -0.1759   -1.1157 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.0313   -0.6492    0.1780 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.1346    0.2843   -0.0028 C   0  0  2  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.0632    0.9860   -1.2083 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.3863   -0.5677   -0.0784 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.6020    0.2684   -0.2581 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    4.6995   -0.3406   -0.3332 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.5177    1.6506   -0.3378 O   0  0  0  0  0  1  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.9057   -0.4489    2.1586 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.8789   -1.8273    1.0434 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.2181   -0.6652    0.8815 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -0.5852    1.9904    0.1116 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.3228    1.7665    0.4030 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.1574    1.4179    1.6993 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.6938   -1.1767   -1.5467 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.0434   -0.0658   -1.0014 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.5405    0.6277   -1.7701 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.1554   -1.2302    1.1041 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.0317   -1.4031   -0.6572 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.2606    0.9725    0.8594 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.4498    0.4354   -1.9065 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.4736   -1.1828    0.8341 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.3073   -1.2247   -0.9710 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  1  0
  2  3  1  0
  2  4  1  0
  2  5  1  0
  5  6  1  0
  6  7  1  0
  6  8  1  0
  8  9  1  0
  9 10  2  0
  9 11  1  0
  1 12  1  0
  1 13  1  0
  1 14  1  0
  3 15  1  0
  3 16  1  0
  3 17  1  0
  4 18  1  0
  4 19  1  0
  4 20  1  0
  5 21  1  0
  5 22  1  0
  6 23  1  1
  7 24  1  0
  8 25  1  0
  8 26  1  0
M  CHG  2   2   1  11  -1
M  END
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PDB for NP0001110 (L-Carnitine)

HEADER    PROTEIN                                 18-MAR-20   NONE
TITLE     NULL                                                        
COMPND    MOLECULE: 583                                               
SOURCE    NULL                                                        
KEYWDS    NULL                                                        
EXPDTA    NULL                                                        
AUTHOR    Marvin                                                      
REVDAT   1   18-MAR-20         0                                  
HETATM    1  O   UNK     0       7.081  -1.198   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM    2  O   UNK     0      11.082   1.112   0.000  0.00  0.00           O-1
HETATM    3  O   UNK     0       9.748  -1.198   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM    4  N   UNK     0       4.414   0.342   0.000  0.00  0.00           N+1
HETATM    5  C   UNK     0       5.748   1.112   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    6  C   UNK     0       7.081   0.342   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    7  C   UNK     0       3.080  -0.428   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    8  C   UNK     0       3.644   1.676   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    9  C   UNK     0       5.184  -0.992   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   10  C   UNK     0       8.415   1.112   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   11  C   UNK     0       9.748   0.342   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
CONECT    1    6                                                            
CONECT    2   11                                                            
CONECT    3   11                                                            
CONECT    4    5    7    8    9                                             
CONECT    5    4    6                                                       
CONECT    6    1    5   10                                                  
CONECT    7    4                                                            
CONECT    8    4                                                            
CONECT    9    4                                                            
CONECT   10    6   11                                                       
CONECT   11    2    3   10                                                  
MASTER        0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0   11    0   20    0
END
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3D PDB for NP0001110 (L-Carnitine)

COMPND    NP0001110
HETATM    1  C1  UNL     1      -2.156  -0.762   1.131  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    2  N1  UNL     1      -1.300  -0.025   0.189  1.00  0.00           N1+
HETATM    3  C2  UNL     1      -1.315   1.346   0.598  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    4  C3  UNL     1      -1.934  -0.176  -1.116  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    5  C4  UNL     1      -0.031  -0.649   0.178  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    6  C5  UNL     1       1.135   0.284  -0.003  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    7  O1  UNL     1       1.063   0.986  -1.208  1.00  0.00           O  
HETATM    8  C6  UNL     1       2.386  -0.568  -0.078  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    9  C7  UNL     1       3.602   0.268  -0.258  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM   10  O2  UNL     1       4.699  -0.341  -0.333  1.00  0.00           O  
HETATM   11  O3  UNL     1       3.518   1.651  -0.338  1.00  0.00           O1-
HETATM   12  H1  UNL     1      -1.906  -0.449   2.159  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   13  H2  UNL     1      -1.879  -1.827   1.043  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   14  H3  UNL     1      -3.218  -0.665   0.881  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   15  H4  UNL     1      -0.585   1.990   0.112  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   16  H5  UNL     1      -2.323   1.767   0.403  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   17  H6  UNL     1      -1.157   1.418   1.699  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   18  H7  UNL     1      -1.694  -1.177  -1.547  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   19  H8  UNL     1      -3.043  -0.066  -1.001  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   20  H9  UNL     1      -1.540   0.628  -1.770  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   21  H10 UNL     1       0.155  -1.230   1.104  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   22  H11 UNL     1       0.032  -1.403  -0.657  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   23  H12 UNL     1       1.261   0.972   0.859  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   24  H13 UNL     1       1.450   0.435  -1.906  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   25  H14 UNL     1       2.474  -1.183   0.834  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   26  H15 UNL     1       2.307  -1.225  -0.971  1.00  0.00           H  
CONECT    1    2   12   13   14
CONECT    2    3    4    5
CONECT    3   15   16   17
CONECT    4   18   19   20
CONECT    5    6   21   22
CONECT    6    7    8   23
CONECT    7   24
CONECT    8    9   25   26
CONECT    9   10   10   11
END
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SMILES for NP0001110 (L-Carnitine)

C[N+](C)(C)C[C@H](O)CC([O-])=O
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INCHI for NP0001110 (L-Carnitine)

InChI=1S/C7H15NO3/c1-8(2,3)5-6(9)4-7(10)11/h6,9H,4-5H2,1-3H3/t6-/m1/s1
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View in JSmolView NMR Assignments
Synonyms
ValueSource
(-)-CarnitineChEBI
(-)-L-CarnitineChEBI
3-Carboxy-2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-1-propanaminium hydroxide, inner saltChEBI
CarnicorChEBI
CarniteneChEBI
CarnitineChEBI
CarnitorChEBI
KarnitinChEBI
LevocarnitineChEBI
Vitamin BTChEBI
L-gamma-Trimethyl-beta-hydroxybutyrobetaineKegg
(R)-CarnitineKegg
L-g-Trimethyl-b-hydroxybutyrobetaineGenerator
L-Γ-trimethyl-β-hydroxybutyrobetaineGenerator
(-)-(R)-3-Hydroxy-4-(trimethylammonio)butyrateHMDB
(R)-(3-Carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)trimethylammonium hydroxideHMDB
(S)-CarnitineHMDB
1-CarnitineHMDB
3-Carboxy-2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-1-propanaminiumHMDB
3-Hydroxy-4-trimethylammoniobutanoateHMDB
3-Hydroxy-4-trimethylammoniobutanoic acidHMDB
BicarnesineHMDB
CarnikingHMDB
Carniking 50HMDB
CarnileanHMDB
CarnipassHMDB
Carnipass 20HMDB
D-CarnitineHMDB
delta-CarnitineHMDB
DL-CarnitineHMDB
gamma-Trimethyl-ammonium-beta-hydroxybutirateHMDB
gamma-Trimethyl-beta-hydroxybutyrobetaineHMDB
gamma-Trimethyl-hydroxybutyrobetaineHMDB
L-(-)-CarnitineHMDB
LevocarnitinaHMDB
LevocarnitinumHMDB
R-(-)-3-Hydroxy-4-trimethylaminobutyrateHMDB
L CarnitineHMDB
L-CarnitineChEBI
Chemical FormulaC7H15NO3
Average Mass161.1989 Da
Monoisotopic Mass161.10519 Da
IUPAC Name(3R)-3-hydroxy-4-(trimethylazaniumyl)butanoate
Traditional NameL-carnitine
CAS Registry Number541-15-1
SMILES
C[N+](C)(C)C[C@H](O)CC([O-])=O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C7H15NO3/c1-8(2,3)5-6(9)4-7(10)11/h6,9H,4-5H2,1-3H3/t6-/m1/s1
InChI KeyPHIQHXFUZVPYII-ZCFIWIBFSA-N
Experimental Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionDepositor EmailDepositor OrganizationDepositorDeposition DateView
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, H2O, simulated)Ahselim2022-01-19View Spectrum
Predicted Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionDepositor IDDepositor OrganizationDepositorDeposition DateView
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 25 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 252 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 50 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 75 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 101 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 126 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 151 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 176 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 201 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 226 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
Chemical Shift Submissions
Not Available
Species
Species of Origin
Species NameSourceReference
Anas platyrhynchosFooDB
AnatidaeFooDB
Anser anserFooDB
Bison bisonFooDB
Bos taurusFooDB
Bos taurus X Bison bisonFooDB
Bubalus bubalisFooDB
Cannabis sativaCannabisDB
      Not Available
Capra aegagrus hircusFooDB
CervidaeFooDB
Cervus canadensisFooDB
ColumbaFooDB
ColumbidaeFooDB
Digenea simplexLOTUS Database
Dromaius novaehollandiaeFooDB
Equus caballusFooDB
Gallus gallusFooDB
Homo sapiensLOTUS Database
Hordeum vulgareLOTUS Database
Lagopus mutaFooDB
LeporidaeFooDB
Lepus timidusFooDB
Melanitta fuscaFooDB
Meleagris gallopavoFooDB
Mucidula mucidaLOTUS Database
Numida meleagrisFooDB
OdocoileusFooDB
OryctolagusFooDB
Ovis ariesFooDB
PhasianidaeFooDB
Phasianus colchicusFooDB
Pisum sativumKNApSAcK Database
Pseudo-nitzschia multistriataLOTUS Database
Struthio camelusFooDB
Sus scrofaFooDB
Sus scrofa domesticaFooDB
Trypanosoma bruceiLOTUS Database
Species Where Detected
Species NameSourceReference
Homo sapiens (Serum)KNApSAcK Database
Homo sapiens (Urine)KNApSAcK Database
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as carnitines. These are organic compounds containing the quaternary ammonium compound carnitine.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic nitrogen compounds
ClassOrganonitrogen compounds
Sub ClassQuaternary ammonium salts
Direct ParentCarnitines
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Carnitine
  • Beta-hydroxy acid
  • Short-chain hydroxy acid
  • Fatty acid
  • Hydroxy acid
  • Tetraalkylammonium salt
  • 1,2-aminoalcohol
  • Carboxylic acid salt
  • Secondary alcohol
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organic zwitterion
  • Organic salt
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic oxide
  • Carbonyl group
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Amine
  • Alcohol
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point197 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility1000000 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)The Good Scents Company Information System
LogP-4.729 (est)The Good Scents Company Information System
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility5.33 g/LALOGPS
logP-2.9ALOGPS
logP-4.9ChemAxon
logS-1.6ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)4.2ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-3.6ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count3ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area60.36 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count4ChemAxon
Refractivity63.49 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability16.93 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
HMDB IDHMDB0000062
DrugBank IDDB00583
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FoodDB IDFDB000571
KNApSAcK IDC00052441
Chemspider ID10455
KEGG Compound IDC00318
BioCyc IDCARNITINE
BiGG ID34600
Wikipedia LinkCarnitine
METLIN ID52
PubChem Compound10917
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID16347
Good Scents IDrw1607331
References
General References
  1. Tamai I, China K, Sai Y, Kobayashi D, Nezu J, Kawahara E, Tsuji A: Na(+)-coupled transport of L-carnitine via high-affinity carnitine transporter OCTN2 and its subcellular localization in kidney. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2001 Jun 6;1512(2):273-84. [PubMed:11406104 ]
  2. Waldner R, Laschan C, Lohninger A, Gessner M, Tuchler H, Huemer M, Spiegel W, Karlic H: Effects of doxorubicin-containing chemotherapy and a combination with L-carnitine on oxidative metabolism in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2006 Feb;132(2):121-8. Epub 2005 Nov 8. [PubMed:16283381 ]
  3. Wachter S, Vogt M, Kreis R, Boesch C, Bigler P, Hoppeler H, Krahenbuhl S: Long-term administration of L-carnitine to humans: effect on skeletal muscle carnitine content and physical performance. Clin Chim Acta. 2002 Apr;318(1-2):51-61. [PubMed:11880112 ]
  4. Evans AM, Fornasini G: Pharmacokinetics of L-carnitine. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2003;42(11):941-67. [PubMed:12908852 ]
  5. Pastoris O, Dossena M, Foppa P, Catapano M, Arbustini E, Bellini O, Dal Bello B, Minzioni G, Ceriana P, Barzaghi N: Effect of L-carnitine on myocardial metabolism: results of a balanced, placebo-controlled, double-blind study in patients undergoing open heart surgery. Pharmacol Res. 1998 Feb;37(2):115-22. [PubMed:9572066 ]
  6. Stephens FB, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Laithwaite D, Simpson EJ, Greenhaff PL: Insulin stimulates L-carnitine accumulation in human skeletal muscle. FASEB J. 2006 Feb;20(2):377-9. Epub 2005 Dec 20. [PubMed:16368715 ]
  7. Malaguarnera M, Pistone G, Astuto M, Dell'Arte S, Finocchiaro G, Lo Giudice E, Pennisi G: L-Carnitine in the treatment of mild or moderate hepatic encephalopathy. Dig Dis. 2003;21(3):271-5. [PubMed:14571103 ]
  8. Oey NA, van Vlies N, Wijburg FA, Wanders RJ, Attie-Bitach T, Vaz FM: L-carnitine is synthesized in the human fetal-placental unit: potential roles in placental and fetal metabolism. Placenta. 2006 Aug;27(8):841-6. Epub 2005 Nov 18. [PubMed:16300828 ]
  9. Feinfeld DA, Kurian P, Cheng JT, Dilimetin G, Arriola MR, Ward L, Manis T, Carvounis CP: Effect of oral L-carnitine on serum myoglobin in hemodialysis patients. Ren Fail. 1996 Jan;18(1):91-6. [PubMed:8820505 ]
  10. Matalliotakis I, Koumantaki Y, Evageliou A, Matalliotakis G, Goumenou A, Koumantakis E: L-carnitine levels in the seminal plasma of fertile and infertile men: correlation with sperm quality. Int J Fertil Womens Med. 2000 May-Jun;45(3):236-40. [PubMed:10929687 ]
  11. Vescovo G, Ravara B, Gobbo V, Dalla Libera L: Inflammation and perturbation of the l-carnitine system in heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2005 Oct;7(6):997-1002. [PubMed:16227137 ]
  12. Lerch R: [The effect of L-carnitine on ischemic heart disease: experimental results]. Praxis (Bern 1994). 1998 Jan 21;87(4):97-100. [PubMed:9522638 ]
  13. Khademi A, Alleyassin A, Safdarian L, Hamed EA, Rabiee E, Haghaninezhad H: The effects of L-carnitine on sperm parameters in smoker and non-smoker patients with idiopathic sperm abnormalities. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2005 Dec;22(11-12):395-9. [PubMed:16331536 ]
  14. Stradomska TJ, Tylki-Szymanska A, Bentkowski Z: Very long-chain fatty acids in Rett syndrome. Eur J Pediatr. 1999 Mar;158(3):226-9. [PubMed:10094444 ]
  15. Hoppel CL, Genuth SM: Urinary excretion of acetylcarnitine during human diabetic and fasting ketosis. Am J Physiol. 1982 Aug;243(2):E168-72. [PubMed:6810706 ]
  16. Lenzi A, Sgro P, Salacone P, Paoli D, Gilio B, Lombardo F, Santulli M, Agarwal A, Gandini L: A placebo-controlled double-blind randomized trial of the use of combined l-carnitine and l-acetyl-carnitine treatment in men with asthenozoospermia. Fertil Steril. 2004 Jun;81(6):1578-84. [PubMed:15193480 ]
  17. Sinclair C, Gilchrist JM, Hennessey JV, Kandula M: Muscle carnitine in hypo- and hyperthyroidism. Muscle Nerve. 2005 Sep;32(3):357-9. [PubMed:15803480 ]
  18. Ahmad S: L-carnitine in dialysis patients. Semin Dial. 2001 May-Jun;14(3):209-17. [PubMed:11422928 ]
  19. Shihabi ZK, Oles KS, McCormick CP, Penry JK: Serum and tissue carnitine assay based on dialysis. Clin Chem. 1992 Aug;38(8 Pt 1):1414-7. [PubMed:1643708 ]
  20. Steiber A, Kerner J, Hoppel CL: Carnitine: a nutritional, biosynthetic, and functional perspective. Mol Aspects Med. 2004 Oct-Dec;25(5-6):455-73. [PubMed:15363636 ]
  21. Borum PR, York CM, Broquist HP: Carnitine content of liquid formulas and special diets. Am J Clin Nutr. 1979 Nov;32(11):2272-6. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/32.11.2272. [PubMed:115309 ]
  22. Bolognino I, Giangregorio N, Tonazzi A, Martinez AL, Altomare CD, Loza MI, Sablone S, Cellamare S, Catto M: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Dantrolene-Like Hydrazide and Hydrazone Analogues as Multitarget Agents for Neurodegenerative Diseases. ChemMedChem. 2021 Sep 16;16(18):2807-2816. doi: 10.1002/cmdc.202100209. Epub 2021 Jun 22. [PubMed:34047061 ]