Record Information |
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Version | 2.0 |
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Created at | 2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC |
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Updated at | 2021-08-19 23:58:44 UTC |
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NP-MRD ID | NP0001080 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | None |
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Natural Product Identification |
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Common Name | Glutathione |
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Description | Glutathione is a compound synthesized from cysteine, perhaps the most important member of the body's toxic waste disposal team. Like cysteine, glutathione contains the crucial thiol (-SH) group that makes it an effective antioxidant. There are virtually no living organisms on this planet-animal or plant whose cells don't contain some glutathione. Scientists have speculated that glutathione was essential to the very development of life on earth. Glutathione has many roles; in none does it act alone. It is a coenzyme in various enzymatic reactions. The most important of these are redox reactions, in which the thiol grouping on the cysteine portion of cell membranes protects against peroxidation; and conjugation reactions, in which glutathione (especially in the liver) binds with toxic chemicals in order to detoxify them. Glutathione is also important in red and white blood cell formation and throughout the immune system. Glutathione's clinical uses include the prevention of oxygen toxicity in hyperbaric oxygen therapy, treatment of lead and other heavy metal poisoning, lowering of the toxicity of chemotherapy and radiation in cancer treatments, and reversal of cataracts. (Http://Www.Dcnutrition.Com/AminoAcids/) glutathione participates in leukotriene synthesis and is a cofactor for the enzyme glutathione peroxidase. It is also important as a hydrophilic molecule that is added to lipophilic toxins and waste in the liver during biotransformation before they can become part of the bile. Glutathione is also needed for the detoxification of methylglyoxal, a toxin produced as a by-product of metabolism. This detoxification reaction is carried out by the glyoxalase system. Glyoxalase I (EC 4.4.1.5) Catalyzes the conversion of methylglyoxal and reduced glutathione to S-D-Lactoyl-glutathione. Glyoxalase II (EC 3.1.2.6) Catalyzes the hydrolysis of S-D-Lactoyl-glutathione to glutathione and D-lactate. GSH is known as a substrate in both conjugation reactions and reduction reactions, catalyzed by glutathione S-transferase enzymes in cytosol, microsomes, and mitochondria. However, it is also capable of participating in non-enzymatic conjugation with some chemicals, as in the case of n-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), the reactive cytochrome P450-reactive metabolite formed by acetaminophen, that becomes toxic when GSH is depleted by an overdose (of acetaminophen). Glutathione in this capacity binds to NAPQI as a suicide substrate and in the process detoxifies it, taking the place of cellular protein thiol groups which would otherwise be covalently modified; when all GSH has been spent, NAPQI begins to react with the cellular proteins, killing the cells in the process. The preferred treatment for an overdose of this painkiller is the administration (usually in atomized form) of N-acetylcysteine, which is used by cells to replace spent GSSG and renew the usable GSH pool. (Http://En.Wikipedia.Org/wiki/glutathione). |
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Structure | N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N[C@@H](CS)C(=O)NCC(O)=O)C(O)=O InChI=1S/C10H17N3O6S/c11-5(10(18)19)1-2-7(14)13-6(4-20)9(17)12-3-8(15)16/h5-6,20H,1-4,11H2,(H,12,17)(H,13,14)(H,15,16)(H,18,19)/t5-,6-/m0/s1 |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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5-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine | ChEBI | gamma-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine | ChEBI | Glutathione-SH | ChEBI | GSH | ChEBI | N-(N-gamma-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl)glycine | ChEBI | Reduced glutathione | ChEBI | Poly(gamma-glutamylcysteine)glycine | Kegg | (gamma-Glutamylcysteine)N-glycine | Kegg | Tathion | Kegg | g-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine | Generator | Γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine | Generator | N-(N-g-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl)glycine | Generator | N-(N-Γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl)glycine | Generator | Poly(g-glutamylcysteine)glycine | Generator | Poly(γ-glutamylcysteine)glycine | Generator | (g-Glutamylcysteine)N-glycine | Generator | (Γ-glutamylcysteine)N-glycine | Generator | Agifutol S | HMDB | Bakezyme RX | HMDB | Copren | HMDB | Deltathione | HMDB | gamma-Glutamylcysteinylglycine | HMDB | gamma-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine | HMDB | Glutathion | HMDB | Glutathione red | HMDB | Glutathione reduced | HMDB | Glutatiol | HMDB | Glutatione | HMDB | Glutide | HMDB | Glutinal | HMDB | Isethion | HMDB | L-g-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine | HMDB | L-gamma-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine | HMDB | L-gamma-Glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine | HMDB | L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine | HMDB | L-Glutathione | HMDB | L-Glutathione reduce | HMDB | Ledac | HMDB | Neuthion | HMDB | Red. glutathione | HMDB | Tathione | HMDB | Triptide | HMDB | Glutathione, reduced | HMDB | gamma L Glu L cys gly | HMDB | gamma-L-Glu-L-cys-gly | HMDB | gamma L Glutamyl L cysteinylglycine | HMDB |
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Chemical Formula | C10H17N3O6S |
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Average Mass | 307.3230 Da |
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Monoisotopic Mass | 307.08381 Da |
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IUPAC Name | (2S)-2-amino-4-{[(1R)-1-[(carboxymethyl)carbamoyl]-2-sulfanylethyl]carbamoyl}butanoic acid |
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Traditional Name | glutathione |
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CAS Registry Number | 70-18-8 |
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SMILES | N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N[C@@H](CS)C(=O)NCC(O)=O)C(O)=O |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C10H17N3O6S/c11-5(10(18)19)1-2-7(14)13-6(4-20)9(17)12-3-8(15)16/h5-6,20H,1-4,11H2,(H,12,17)(H,13,14)(H,15,16)(H,18,19)/t5-,6-/m0/s1 |
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InChI Key | RWSXRVCMGQZWBV-WDSKDSINSA-N |
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Experimental Spectra |
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| Spectrum Type | Description | Depositor Email | Depositor Organization | Depositor | Deposition Date | View |
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1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H2O, experimental) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, simulated) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, simulated) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, simulated) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, simulated) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, experimental) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 2D NMR | [1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum |
| Predicted Spectra |
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| Not Available | Chemical Shift Submissions |
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| Spectrum Type | Description | Depositor Email | Depositor Organization | Depositor | Deposition Date | View |
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1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, H2O, simulated) | varshavi.d26@gmail.com | Not Available | Not Available | 2021-08-07 | View Spectrum |
| Species |
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Species of Origin | |
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Species Where Detected | |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as peptides. Peptides are compounds containing an amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Organic acids and derivatives |
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Class | Carboxylic acids and derivatives |
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Sub Class | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues |
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Direct Parent | Peptides |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Alpha peptide
- N-acyl-alpha-amino acid
- N-acyl-alpha amino acid or derivatives
- Alpha-amino acid
- Alpha-amino acid or derivatives
- L-alpha-amino acid
- Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
- Fatty acid
- Amino acid or derivatives
- Amino acid
- Alkylthiol
- Carboximidic acid
- Carboximidic acid derivative
- Carboxylic acid
- Organic 1,3-dipolar compound
- Propargyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compound
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Primary aliphatic amine
- Organic oxide
- Organic oxygen compound
- Organic nitrogen compound
- Carbonyl group
- Amine
- Organonitrogen compound
- Organooxygen compound
- Organosulfur compound
- Organopnictogen compound
- Primary amine
- Aliphatic acyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aliphatic acyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Properties | |
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Predicted Properties | |
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General References | - Bayir H, Kagan VE, Tyurina YY, Tyurin V, Ruppel RA, Adelson PD, Graham SH, Janesko K, Clark RS, Kochanek PM: Assessment of antioxidant reserves and oxidative stress in cerebrospinal fluid after severe traumatic brain injury in infants and children. Pediatr Res. 2002 May;51(5):571-8. [PubMed:11978879 ]
- Nakayama Y, Kinoshita A, Tomita M: Dynamic simulation of red blood cell metabolism and its application to the analysis of a pathological condition. Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 May 9;2:18. [PubMed:15882454 ]
- Djurhuus R, Segadal K, Svardal AM: Glutathione in blood cells decreases without DNA breaks after a simulated saturation dive to 250 msw. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2006 Jun;77(6):597-604. [PubMed:16780237 ]
- Hung CR: Effect of lysozyme chloride on betel quid chewing aggravated gastric oxidative stress and hemorrhagic ulcer in diabetic rats. World J Gastroenterol. 2005 Oct 7;11(37):5853-8. [PubMed:16270397 ]
- Grattagliano I, Portincasa P, Palmieri VO, Palasciano G: Contribution of canalicular glutathione efflux to bile formation. From cholestasis associated alterations to pharmacological intervention to modify bile flow. Curr Drug Targets Immune Endocr Metabol Disord. 2005 Jun;5(2):153-61. [PubMed:16089347 ]
- Calvo-Marzal P, Chumbimuni-Torres KY, Hoehr NF, Kubota LT: Determination of glutathione in hemolysed erythrocyte with amperometric sensor based on TTF-TCNQ. Clin Chim Acta. 2006 Sep;371(1-2):152-8. Epub 2006 May 2. [PubMed:16650398 ]
- Calabrese V, Scapagnini G, Ravagna A, Bella R, Butterfield DA, Calvani M, Pennisi G, Giuffrida Stella AM: Disruption of thiol homeostasis and nitrosative stress in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with active multiple sclerosis: evidence for a protective role of acetylcarnitine. Neurochem Res. 2003 Sep;28(9):1321-8. [PubMed:12938853 ]
- Sohlenius-Sternbeck AK, Schmidt S: Impaired glutathione-conjugating capacity by cryopreserved human and rat hepatocytes. Xenobiotica. 2005 Jul;35(7):727-36. [PubMed:16316931 ]
- Iida M, Yasuhara T, Mochizuki H, Takakura H, Yanagisawa T, Kubo H: Two Japanese brothers with hereditary gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2005;28(1):49-55. [PubMed:15702405 ]
- Briz O, Romero MR, Martinez-Becerra P, Macias RI, Perez MJ, Jimenez F, San Martin FG, Marin JJ: OATP8/1B3-mediated cotransport of bile acids and glutathione: an export pathway for organic anions from hepatocytes? J Biol Chem. 2006 Oct 13;281(41):30326-35. Epub 2006 Jul 28. [PubMed:16877380 ]
- Czeczot H, Scibior D, Skrzycki M, Podsiad M: [Antioxidant barrier in patients with gastric cancer--preliminary study]. Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2005 Oct;19(112):521-5. [PubMed:16379316 ]
- Czeczot H, Scibior D, Skrzycki M, Podsiad M: Glutathione and GSH-dependent enzymes in patients with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Acta Biochim Pol. 2006;53(1):237-42. Epub 2006 Jan 9. [PubMed:16404476 ]
- Kawakami Y, Monobe M, Kuwabara K, Fujita T, Maeda M, Fujino O, Kojima S, Fukunaga Y: A comparative study of nitric oxide, glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase activities in cerebrospinal fluid from children with convulsive diseases/children with aseptic meningitis. Brain Dev. 2006 May;28(4):243-6. Epub 2006 Jan 10. [PubMed:16376049 ]
- Kaynar H, Meral M, Turhan H, Keles M, Celik G, Akcay F: Glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, catalase, xanthine oxidase, Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase activities, total glutathione, nitric oxide, and malondialdehyde levels in erythrocytes of patients with small cell and non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Lett. 2005 Sep 28;227(2):133-9. Epub 2005 Jan 8. [PubMed:16112416 ]
- Tsai CC, Chen HS, Chen SL, Ho YP, Ho KY, Wu YM, Hung CC: Lipid peroxidation: a possible role in the induction and progression of chronic periodontitis. J Periodontal Res. 2005 Oct;40(5):378-84. [PubMed:16105090 ]
- Wielandt AM, Vollrath V, Farias M, Chianale J: Bucillamine induces glutathione biosynthesis via activation of the transcription factor Nrf2. Biochem Pharmacol. 2006 Aug 14;72(4):455-62. Epub 2006 Jun 27. [PubMed:16806086 ]
- Oztezcan S, Balkan J, Dogru-Abbasoglu S, Cevikbas U, Aykac-Toker G, Uysal M: Resistance of erythrocytes to lipid peroxidation in cirrhotic rats. Arch Med Res. 2005 Sep-Oct;36(5):459-63. [PubMed:16099321 ]
- Schulpis KH, Papassotiriou I, Parthimos T, Tsakiris T, Tsakiris S: The effect of L-cysteine and glutathione on inhibition of Na+, K+-ATPase activity by aspartame metabolites in human erythrocyte membrane. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006 May;60(5):593-7. [PubMed:16391576 ]
- Zamek-Gliszczynski MJ, Hoffmaster KA, Nezasa K, Tallman MN, Brouwer KL: Integration of hepatic drug transporters and phase II metabolizing enzymes: mechanisms of hepatic excretion of sulfate, glucuronide, and glutathione metabolites. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2006 Apr;27(5):447-86. Epub 2006 Feb 10. [PubMed:16472997 ]
- Iwasaki Y, Hoshi M, Ito R, Saito K, Nakazawa H: Analysis of glutathione and glutathione disulfide in human saliva using hydrophilic interaction chromatography with mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2006 Jul 24;839(1-2):74-9. Epub 2006 Apr 18. [PubMed:16621738 ]
- Witschi A, Reddy S, Stofer B, Lauterburg BH: The systemic availability of oral glutathione. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1992;43(6):667-9. [PubMed:1362956 ]
- Yim CY, Hibbs JB Jr, McGregor JR, Galinsky RE, Samlowski WE: Use of N-acetyl cysteine to increase intracellular glutathione during the induction of antitumor responses by IL-2. J Immunol. 1994 Jun 15;152(12):5796-805. [PubMed:8207209 ]
- Wu G, Fang YZ, Yang S, Lupton JR, Turner ND: Glutathione metabolism and its implications for health. J Nutr. 2004 Mar;134(3):489-92. [PubMed:14988435 ]
- Struzynska L, Chalimoniuk M, Sulkowski G: The role of astroglia in Pb-exposed adult rat brain with respect to glutamate toxicity. Toxicology. 2005 Sep 1;212(2-3):185-94. [PubMed:15955607 ]
- Drevet JR: The antioxidant glutathione peroxidase family and spermatozoa: a complex story. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2006 May 16;250(1-2):70-9. Epub 2006 Jan 19. [PubMed:16427183 ]
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