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Record Information
Version2.0
Created at2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
Updated at2024-09-03 04:18:54 UTC
NP-MRD IDNP0000956
Natural Product DOIhttps://doi.org/10.57994/1557
Secondary Accession NumbersNone
Natural Product Identification
Common Name3,4-Dihydroxybenzeneacetic acid
Description3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) is a phenolic acid. DOPAC is a neuronal metabolite of dopamine (DA). DA undergoes monoamine oxidase-catalyzed oxidative deamination to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL), which is metabolized primarily into DOPAC via aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2). The biotransformation of DOPAL is critical as previous studies have demonstrated this DA-derived aldehyde to be a reactive electrophile and toxic to dopaminergic cells. Known inhibitors of mitochondrial ALDH2, such as 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4HNE) inhibit ALDH2-mediated oxidation of the endogenous neurotoxin DOPAL. 4HNE is one of the resulting products of oxidative stress, thus linking oxidative stress to the uncontrolled production of an endogenous neurotoxin relevant to Parkinson's disease. In early-onset Parkinson disease, there is markedly reduced activities of both monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B. The amount of DOPAC, which is produced during dopamine oxidation by MAO, is greatly reduced as a result of increased parkin overexpression. Administration of methamphetamine to animals causes loss of DA terminals in the brain and significant decreases in dopamine and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the striatum. Renal dopamine produced in the residual tubular units may be enhanced during a sodium challenge, thus behaving appropriately as a compensatory natriuretic hormone; however, the renal dopaminergic system in patients afflicted with renal parenchymal disorders should address parameters other than free urinary dopamine, namely the urinary excretion of L-DOPA and metabolites. DOPAC is one of the major phenolic acids formed during human microbial fermentation of tea, citrus, and soy flavonoid supplements. DOPAC exhibits a considerable antiproliferative effect in LNCaP prostate cancer and HCT116 colon cancer cells. The antiproliferative activity of DOPAC may be due to its catechol structure. A similar association of the catechol moiety in the B-ring with antiproliferative activity was demonstrated for flavanones (PMID: 16956664 , 16455660 , 8561959 , 11369822 , 10443478 , 16365058 ). DOPAC can be found in Gram-positive bacteria (PMID: 24752840 ).
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
ValueSource
2-(3,4-DIHYDROXYPHENYL)acetIC ACIDChEBI
3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl acetic acidChEBI
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acidChEBI
Dopacetic acidChEBI
Homoprotocatechuic acidChEBI
HomoprotocatechuateKegg
2-(3,4-DIHYDROXYPHENYL)acetateGenerator
3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl acetateGenerator
3,4-DihydroxyphenylacetateGenerator
DopacetateGenerator
3,4-DihydroxybenzeneacetateGenerator
3,4 Dihydroxyphenylacetic acidHMDB
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, monosodium saltHMDB
(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-acetic acidHMDB
(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)acetateHMDB
(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acidHMDB
3,4-DHPOPHMDB
3,4-Dihydroxy-benzeneacetic acidHMDB
3,4-Dihydroxy-phenylacetic acidHMDB
DHYHMDB
DihydroxyphenylacetateHMDB
Dihydroxyphenylacetic acidHMDB
HAAHMDB
Homogentisic acidHMDB
3',4'-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acidHMDB
DOPACHMDB, MeSH
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylethanoic acid
Chemical FormulaC8H8O4
Average Mass168.1467 Da
Monoisotopic Mass168.04226 Da
IUPAC Name2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid
Traditional Name3,4 dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
CAS Registry Number102-32-9
SMILES
OC(=O)CC1=CC(O)=C(O)C=C1
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C8H8O4/c9-6-2-1-5(3-7(6)10)4-8(11)12/h1-3,9-10H,4H2,(H,11,12)
InChI KeyCFFZDZCDUFSOFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Experimental Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionDepositor EmailDepositor OrganizationDepositorDeposition DateView
HSQC NMR[1H, 13C] NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, CD3OD, experimental)bgnzk@missouri.eduMU Metabolomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia. MO, USADr. Bharat Goel2024-05-02View Spectrum
HMBC NMR[1H, 13C] NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, CD3OD, experimental)bgnzk@missouri.eduMU Metabolomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia. MO, USADr. Bharat Goel2024-05-02View Spectrum
COSY NMR[1H, 1H] NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, CD3OD, experimental)bgnzk@missouri.eduMU Metabolomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia. MO, USADr. Bharat Goel2024-05-02View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 201 MHz, CD3OD, experimental)bgnzk@missouri.eduMU Metabolomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia. MO, USADr. Bharat Goel2024-05-02View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, CD3OD, experimental)bgnzk@missouri.eduMU Metabolomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia. MO, USADr. Bharat Goel2024-05-02View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
2D NMR[1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
Predicted Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionDepositor IDDepositor OrganizationDepositorDeposition DateView
Chemical Shift Submissions
Spectrum TypeDescriptionDepositor EmailDepositor OrganizationDepositorDeposition DateView
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600.133705802, CD3OD, simulated)bgnzk@missouri.eduSumner Lab, MU Metabolomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia. MO, USADr. Bharat Goel2024-05-02View Spectrum
Species
Species of Origin
Species NameSourceReference
Anas platyrhynchosFooDB
AnatidaeFooDB
Anser anserFooDB
Bison bisonFooDB
Bos taurusFooDB
Bos taurus X Bison bisonFooDB
Bubalus bubalisFooDB
Capra aegagrus hircusFooDB
CervidaeFooDB
Cervus canadensisFooDB
ColumbaFooDB
ColumbidaeFooDB
Dromaius novaehollandiaeFooDB
Equus caballusFooDB
Gallus gallusFooDB
Lagopus mutaFooDB
LeporidaeFooDB
Lepus timidusFooDB
Melanitta fuscaFooDB
Meleagris gallopavoFooDB
Numida meleagrisFooDB
OdocoileusFooDB
Olea europaeaFooDB
OryctolagusFooDB
Ovis ariesFooDB
PhasianidaeFooDB
Phasianus colchicusFooDB
Rubus idaeusFooDB
Secamone afzeliiLOTUS Database
Struthio camelusFooDB
Sus scrofaFooDB
Sus scrofa domesticaFooDB
Tamarindus indicaFooDB
Taxus baccataKNApSAcK Database
Tragopogon pratensisLOTUS Database
Vaccinium myrtillusFooDB
Vanilla planifolia Jacks.LOTUS Database
Species Where Detected
Species NameSourceReference
Homo sapiens (Urine)KNApSAcK Database
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as catechols. Catechols are compounds containing a 1,2-benzenediol moiety.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassBenzenoids
ClassPhenols
Sub ClassBenzenediols
Direct ParentCatechols
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Catechol
  • 1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoid
  • 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid
  • Monocyclic benzene moiety
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Aromatic homomonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point168 °CNot Available
Boiling Point418.40 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)The Good Scents Company Information System
Water Solubility4 mg/mLNot Available
LogP0.98Sangster, J. (1993). LOGKOW- a Databank of Evaluated Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients. Sangster Research Laboratories, Montreal.
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility7.23 g/LALOGPS
logP0.93ALOGPS
logP1ChemAxon
logS-1.4ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)3.61ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-6.3ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count4ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count3ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area77.76 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count2ChemAxon
Refractivity41.33 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability15.71 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings1ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
HMDB IDHMDB0001336
DrugBank IDDB01702
Phenol Explorer Compound ID572
FoodDB IDFDB030384
KNApSAcK IDC00040996
Chemspider ID532
KEGG Compound IDC01161
BioCyc IDCPD-782
BiGG ID36946
Wikipedia LinkDOPAC
METLIN ID6170
PubChem Compound547
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID41941
Good Scents IDrw1183451
References
General References
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  2. Panholzer TJ, Beyer J, Lichtwald K: Coupled-column liquid chromatographic analysis of catecholamines, serotonin, and metabolites in human urine. Clin Chem. 1999 Feb;45(2):262-8. [PubMed:9931050 ]
  3. Raskind MA, Peskind ER, Holmes C, Goldstein DS: Patterns of cerebrospinal fluid catechols support increased central noradrenergic responsiveness in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psychiatry. 1999 Sep 15;46(6):756-65. [PubMed:10494443 ]
  4. Sjoberg S, Eriksson M, Nordin C: L-thyroxine treatment and neurotransmitter levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of hypothyroid patients: a pilot study. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998 Nov;139(5):493-7. [PubMed:9849813 ]
  5. Eklundh T, Eriksson M, Sjoberg S, Nordin C: Monoamine precursors, transmitters and metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid: a prospective study in healthy male subjects. J Psychiatr Res. 1996 May-Jun;30(3):201-8. [PubMed:8884658 ]
  6. Ebinger G, Michotte Y, Herregodts P: The significance of homovanillic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentrations in human lumbar cerebrospinal fluid. J Neurochem. 1987 Jun;48(6):1725-9. [PubMed:3572399 ]
  7. Van Loon GR, De Souza EB, Kim C: Alterations in brain dopamine and serotonin metabolism during the development of tolerance to human beta-endorphin in rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1978 Dec;56(6):1067-71. [PubMed:743624 ]
  8. Braestrup C: Biochemical differentiation of amphetamine vs methylphenidate and nomifensine in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1977 Aug;29(8):463-70. [PubMed:19594 ]
  9. Nakao N, Shintani-Mizushima A, Kakishita K, Itakura T: The ability of grafted human sympathetic neurons to synthesize and store dopamine: a potential mechanism for the clinical effect of sympathetic neuron autografts in patients with Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol. 2004 Jul;188(1):65-73. [PubMed:15191803 ]
  10. Annunziato LA, Wuerthele SM, Moore KE: Comparative effects of penfluridol on circling behavior and striatal DOPAC and serum prolactin concentrations in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol. 1978 Aug 1;50(3):187-92. [PubMed:567584 ]
  11. De Simoni MG, Guardabasso V, Misterek K, Algeri S: Similarities and differences between D-ALA2 MET5 enkephalin amide and morphine in the induction of tolerance to their effects on catalepsy and on dopamine metabolism in the rat brain. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1982 Nov;321(2):105-11. [PubMed:6891440 ]
  12. Gramsch C, Blasig J, Herz A: Changes in striatal dopamine metabolism during precipitated morphine withdrawal. Eur J Pharmacol. 1977 Aug 1;44(3):231-40. [PubMed:560969 ]
  13. Fornstedt B, Brun A, Rosengren E, Carlsson A: The apparent autoxidation rate of catechols in dopamine-rich regions of human brains increases with the degree of depigmentation of substantia nigra. J Neural Transm Park Dis Dement Sect. 1989;1(4):279-95. [PubMed:2597314 ]
  14. Garrett MC, Soares-da-Silva P: Increased cerebrospinal fluid dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid levels in Huntington's disease: evidence for an overactive dopaminergic brain transmission. J Neurochem. 1992 Jan;58(1):101-6. [PubMed:1309230 ]
  15. Massotti M, Longo VG: Role of the dopaminergic system in the cataleptogenic action of bulbocapnine. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1979 Oct;31(10):691-5. [PubMed:41042 ]
  16. Tekes K, Tothfalusi L, Gaal J, Magyar K: Effect of MAO inhibitors on the uptake and metabolism of dopamine in rat and human brain. Pol J Pharmacol Pharm. 1988 Nov-Dec;40(6):653-8. [PubMed:3152003 ]
  17. Rubinstein M, Phillips TJ, Bunzow JR, Falzone TL, Dziewczapolski G, Zhang G, Fang Y, Larson JL, McDougall JA, Chester JA, Saez C, Pugsley TA, Gershanik O, Low MJ, Grandy DK: Mice lacking dopamine D4 receptors are supersensitive to ethanol, cocaine, and methamphetamine. Cell. 1997 Sep 19;90(6):991-1001. [PubMed:9323127 ]
  18. Hutson PH, Curzon G: Dopamine metabolites in rat cisternal cerebrospinal fluid: major contribution from extrastriatal dopamine neurones. J Neurochem. 1986 Jan;46(1):186-90. [PubMed:2415677 ]
  19. Thurmond JB, Brown JW: Effect of brain monoamine precursors on stress-induced behavioral and neurochemical changes in aged mice. Brain Res. 1984 Mar 26;296(1):93-102. [PubMed:6201238 ]
  20. Kogan BM, Tkachenko AA, Drozdov AZ, Andrianova EP, Filatova TS, Man'kovskaia IV, Kovaleva IA: [Monoamine metabolism in different forms of paraphilias]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 1995;95(6):52-6. [PubMed:8788979 ]
  21. Florang VR, Rees JN, Brogden NK, Anderson DG, Hurley TD, Doorn JA: Inhibition of the oxidative metabolism of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde, a reactive intermediate of dopamine metabolism, by 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. Neurotoxicology. 2007 Jan;28(1):76-82. Epub 2006 Aug 1. [PubMed:16956664 ]
  22. Jiang H, Jiang Q, Liu W, Feng J: Parkin suppresses the expression of monoamine oxidases. J Biol Chem. 2006 Mar 31;281(13):8591-9. Epub 2006 Feb 2. [PubMed:16455660 ]
  23. Cadet JL, Ali SF, Rothman RB, Epstein CJ: Neurotoxicity, drugs and abuse, and the CuZn-superoxide dismutase transgenic mice. Mol Neurobiol. 1995 Aug-Dec;11(1-3):155-63. [PubMed:8561959 ]
  24. Pestana M, Jardim H, Correia F, Vieira-Coelho MA, Soares-da-Silva P: Renal dopaminergic mechanisms in renal parenchymal diseases and hypertension. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;16 Suppl 1:53-9. [PubMed:11369822 ]
  25. Kim DH, Kim SY, Park SY, Han MJ: Metabolism of quercitrin by human intestinal bacteria and its relation to some biological activities. Biol Pharm Bull. 1999 Jul;22(7):749-51. [PubMed:10443478 ]
  26. Gao K, Xu A, Krul C, Venema K, Liu Y, Niu Y, Lu J, Bensoussan L, Seeram NP, Heber D, Henning SM: Of the major phenolic acids formed during human microbial fermentation of tea, citrus, and soy flavonoid supplements, only 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid has antiproliferative activity. J Nutr. 2006 Jan;136(1):52-7. [PubMed:16365058 ]