Record Information |
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Version | 2.0 |
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Created at | 2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC |
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Updated at | 2021-10-07 20:41:47 UTC |
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NP-MRD ID | NP0000833 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | None |
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Natural Product Identification |
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Common Name | Glycocholic acid |
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Description | Glycocholic acid is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conjugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID:16949895 ). More specifically, glycocholic acid or cholylglycine, is a crystalline bile acid involved in the emulsification of fats. It occurs as a sodium salt in the bile of mammals. Its anion is called glycocholate. As the glycine conjugate of cholic acid, this compound acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed (PubChem). Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depends only on presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH and, consequently, require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.G., Membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues (PMID: 11316487 , 16037564 , 12576301 , 11907135 ). Glycocholic acid is found to be associated with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism. |
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Structure | C[C@H](CCC(O)=NCC(O)=O)[C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@@H]3[C@H](O)C[C@@H]4C[C@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@H]3C[C@H](O)[C@]12C InChI=1S/C26H43NO6/c1-14(4-7-22(31)27-13-23(32)33)17-5-6-18-24-19(12-21(30)26(17,18)3)25(2)9-8-16(28)10-15(25)11-20(24)29/h14-21,24,28-30H,4-13H2,1-3H3,(H,27,31)(H,32,33)/t14-,15+,16-,17-,18+,19+,20-,21+,24+,25+,26-/m1/s1 |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-Trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oylglycine | ChEBI | N-[(3alpha,5beta,7alpha,12alpha)-3,7,12-Trihydroxy-24-oxocholan-24-yl]glycine | ChEBI | N-Choloylglycine | ChEBI | 3a,7a,12a-Trihydroxy-5b-cholan-24-oylglycine | Generator | 3Α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oylglycine | Generator | N-[(3a,5b,7a,12a)-3,7,12-Trihydroxy-24-oxocholan-24-yl]glycine | Generator | N-[(3Α,5β,7α,12α)-3,7,12-trihydroxy-24-oxocholan-24-yl]glycine | Generator | Glycocholate | Generator | Glycine cholate | HMDB | Glycocholic acid, sodium salt | HMDB | Cholylglycine | HMDB | Glycocholate sodium | HMDB | 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-Trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid-24-glycine | HMDB | 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-Trihydroxy-N-(carboxymethyl)-5beta-cholan-24-amide | HMDB | 3Α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholanic acid-24-glycine | HMDB | 3Α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-N-(carboxymethyl)-5β-cholan-24-amide | HMDB | Glycoreductodehydrocholic acid | HMDB | Glycylcholate | HMDB | Glycylcholic acid | HMDB | N-(Carboxymethyl)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-amide | HMDB | N-(Carboxymethyl)-3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-amide | HMDB | N-Choloyl-glycine | HMDB | Glycocholic acid | HMDB |
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Chemical Formula | C26H43NO6 |
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Average Mass | 465.6227 Da |
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Monoisotopic Mass | 465.30904 Da |
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IUPAC Name | 2-[(4R)-4-[(1S,2S,5R,7S,9R,10R,11S,14R,15R,16S)-5,9,16-trihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadecan-14-yl]pentanamido]acetic acid |
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Traditional Name | [(4R)-4-[(1S,2S,5R,7S,9R,10R,11S,14R,15R,16S)-5,9,16-trihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadecan-14-yl]pentanamido]acetic acid |
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CAS Registry Number | 475-31-0 |
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SMILES | [H][C@@]1(CC[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])[C@H](O)C[C@]4([H])C[C@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@@]3([H])C[C@H](O)[C@]12C)[C@H](C)CCC(=O)NCC(O)=O |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C26H43NO6/c1-14(4-7-22(31)27-13-23(32)33)17-5-6-18-24-19(12-21(30)26(17,18)3)25(2)9-8-16(28)10-15(25)11-20(24)29/h14-21,24,28-30H,4-13H2,1-3H3,(H,27,31)(H,32,33)/t14-,15+,16-,17-,18+,19+,20-,21+,24+,25+,26-/m1/s1 |
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InChI Key | RFDAIACWWDREDC-FRVQLJSFSA-N |
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Experimental Spectra |
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| Spectrum Type | Description | Depositor Email | Depositor Organization | Depositor | Deposition Date | View |
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1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 2D NMR | [1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum |
| Predicted Spectra |
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| Not Available | Chemical Shift Submissions |
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| Not Available | Species |
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Species of Origin | |
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Species Where Detected | |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glycinated bile acids and derivatives. Glycinated bile acids and derivatives are compounds with a structure characterized by the presence of a glycine linked to a bile acid skeleton. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Lipids and lipid-like molecules |
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Class | Steroids and steroid derivatives |
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Sub Class | Bile acids, alcohols and derivatives |
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Direct Parent | Glycinated bile acids and derivatives |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Glycinated bile acid
- Trihydroxy bile acid, alcohol, or derivatives
- Hydroxy bile acid, alcohol, or derivatives
- 3-hydroxysteroid
- 12-hydroxysteroid
- Hydroxysteroid
- 3-alpha-hydroxysteroid
- 7-hydroxysteroid
- N-acyl-alpha-amino acid
- N-acyl-alpha amino acid or derivatives
- Alpha-amino acid or derivatives
- Cyclic alcohol
- Secondary alcohol
- Polyol
- Propargyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compound
- Organic 1,3-dipolar compound
- Carboximidic acid
- Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
- Carboximidic acid derivative
- Carboxylic acid derivative
- Carboxylic acid
- Organooxygen compound
- Organic oxygen compound
- Organopnictogen compound
- Organic oxide
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organic nitrogen compound
- Carbonyl group
- Alcohol
- Organonitrogen compound
- Aliphatic homopolycyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aliphatic homopolycyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | 170 °C | Not Available | Boiling Point | 692.04 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est) | The Good Scents Company Information System | Water Solubility | 0.0033 mg/mL | Not Available | LogP | 1.65 | Roda, A., Minutello, A., Angellotti, M. A., & Fini, A. (1990). Bile acid structure-activity relationship: evaluation of bile acid lipophilicity using 1-octanol/water partition coefficient and reverse phase HPLC. Journal of lipid research, 31(8), 1433-1443. |
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Predicted Properties | |
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General References | - Rius M, Nies AT, Hummel-Eisenbeiss J, Jedlitschky G, Keppler D: Cotransport of reduced glutathione with bile salts by MRP4 (ABCC4) localized to the basolateral hepatocyte membrane. Hepatology. 2003 Aug;38(2):374-84. [PubMed:12883481 ]
- Spiller RC, Frost PF, Stewart JS, Bloom SR, Silk DB: Delayed postprandial plasma bile acid response in coeliac patients with slow mouth-caecum transit. Clin Sci (Lond). 1987 Feb;72(2):217-23. [PubMed:3816078 ]
- Matsui A, Psacharopoulos HT, Mowat AP, Portmann B, Murphy GM: Radioimmunoassay of serum glycocholic acid, standard laboratory tests of liver function and liver biopsy findings: comparative study of children with liver disease. J Clin Pathol. 1982 Sep;35(9):1011-7. [PubMed:7119120 ]
- Marigold JH, Gilmore IT, Thompson RP: Effects of a meal on plasma clearance of [14C]glycocholic acid and indocyanine green in man. Clin Sci (Lond). 1981 Sep;61(3):325-30. [PubMed:7261553 ]
- Xia S, Chen Z, Li L: [Relationship of vascular endothelial growth factor with bile acid in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy]. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi. 2002 Nov;37(11):669-71. [PubMed:12487922 ]
- Li GY, Wang T, Huggins EM Jr, Shams NK, Davis JF, Calkins JH, Hornung CA, Altekruse JM, Sigel MM: Cholylglycine measured in serum by RIA and interleukin-1 beta determined by ELISA in differentiating viral hepatitis from chemical liver injury. J Occup Med. 1992 Sep;34(9):930-3. [PubMed:1447600 ]
- de Franchis R, Vecchi M, Primignani M, Bonato C, Parravicini A, Cambieri R, Ciaci D, Annoni G: Diagnostic value of serum cholylglycine radioimmunoassay in chronic asymptomatic HBsAg carriers. Ric Clin Lab. 1983 Jul-Sep;13(3):301-5. [PubMed:6648236 ]
- Xuan B, McClellan DA, Moore R, Chiou GC: Alternative delivery of insulin via eye drops. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2005 Oct;7(5):695-8. [PubMed:16241870 ]
- Liss GM, Greenberg RA, Tamburro CH: Use of serum bile acids in the identification of vinyl chloride hepatotoxicity. Am J Med. 1985 Jan;78(1):68-76. [PubMed:3966491 ]
- Rifai K, Ockenga J, Manns MP, Bischoff SC: Repeated administration of a vitamin preparation containing glycocholic acid in patients with hepatobiliary disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006 May 1;23(9):1337-45. [PubMed:16629939 ]
- Klapdor R: On the kinetics of glycocholate uptake and excretion by the normal and diseased liver in man. Hepatogastroenterology. 1981 Aug;28(4):189-91. [PubMed:7274980 ]
- Friman S, Radberg G, Bosaeus I, Svanvik J: Hepatobiliary compensation for the loss of gallbladder function after cholecystectomy. An experimental study in the cat. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1990 Mar;25(3):307-14. [PubMed:2108486 ]
- Bocharova LV, Tsodikov GV, Chernyshova NN, Kataev SS, Burkov SG: [Clinical value of determining serum levels of glycocholic acid in alcoholic lesions of the liver]. Klin Med (Mosk). 1992 Jul-Aug;70(7-8):41-4. [PubMed:1460824 ]
- Murphy JL, Badaloo AV, Chambers B, Forrester TE, Wootton SA, Jackson AA: Maldigestion and malabsorption of dietary lipid during severe childhood malnutrition. Arch Dis Child. 2002 Dec;87(6):522-5. [PubMed:12456554 ]
- Bremmelgaard A, Ranek L, Bahnsen M, Andreasen PB, Christensen E: Cholic acid conjugation test and quantitative liver function in acute liver failure. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1983 Sep;18(6):797-802. [PubMed:6669944 ]
- Hepner GW, Demers LM: Dynamics of the enterohepatic circulation of the glycine conjugates of cholic, chenodeoxycholic, deoxycholic, and sulfolithocholic acid in man. Gastroenterology. 1977 Mar;72(3):499-501. [PubMed:832799 ]
- Kasatkin IuN, Vidiukov VI, Mironov SP, Chernyshova NN, Bocharova LV, Kataev SS: [Diagnosis of liver cirrhosis based on scintigraphic data and the level of cholylglycine in the blood serum]. Med Radiol (Mosk). 1989 Sep;34(9):8-12. [PubMed:2796646 ]
- Collazos J, Mendarte U, De Miguel J: Clinical value of the determination of fasting glycocholic acid serum levels in patients with liver diseases. A comparison with standard liver tests. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 1993;17(2):79-82. [PubMed:8500713 ]
- Nittono H, Obinata K, Nakatsu N, Watanabe T, Niijima S, Sasaki H, Arisaka O, Kato H, Yabuta K, Miyano T: Sulfated and nonsulfated bile acids in urine of patients with biliary atresia: analysis of bile acids by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1986 Jan;5(1):23-9. [PubMed:3944741 ]
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