Np mrd loader

Record Information
Version2.0
Created at2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
Updated at2021-10-07 20:41:56 UTC
NP-MRD IDNP0000790
Secondary Accession NumbersNone
Natural Product Identification
Common NameLinoleic acid
DescriptionLinoleic acid is a doubly unsaturated fatty acid, also known as an omega-6 fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. In this particular polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), the first double bond is located between the sixth and seventh carbon atom from the methyl end of the fatty acid (n-6). Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid in human nutrition because it cannot be synthesized by humans. It is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins (via arachidonic acid) and cell membranes (From Stedman, 26th ed). Linoleic acid is found to be associated with isovaleric acidemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism.
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
ValueSource
(9Z,12Z)-Octadecadienoic acidChEBI
(Z,Z)-9,12-Octadecadienoic acidChEBI
9-cis,12-cis-Octadecadienoic acidChEBI
9Z,12Z-Octadecadienoic acidChEBI
Acide cis-linoleiqueChEBI
Acide linoleiqueChEBI
Acido linoleicoChEBI
all-cis-9,12-Octadecadienoic acidChEBI
C18:2 9C, 12C Omega6 todos cis-9,12-octadienoicoChEBI
C18:2, N-6,9 all-cisChEBI
cis,cis-9,12-Octadecadienoic acidChEBI
cis,cis-Linoleic acidChEBI
cis-Delta(9,12)-Octadecadienoic acidChEBI
LAChEBI
Linolic acidChEBI
9-cis,12-cis-OctadecadienoateKegg
(9Z,12Z)-OctadecadienoateGenerator
(Z,Z)-9,12-OctadecadienoateGenerator
9Z,12Z-OctadecadienoateGenerator
all-cis-9,12-OctadecadienoateGenerator
cis,cis-9,12-OctadecadienoateGenerator
cis,cis-LinoleateGenerator
cis-delta(9,12)-OctadecadienoateGenerator
cis-Δ(9,12)-octadecadienoateGenerator
cis-Δ(9,12)-octadecadienoic acidGenerator
LinolateGenerator
LinoleateGenerator
(9Z,12Z)-9,12-OctadecadienoateHMDB
(9Z,12Z)-9,12-Octadecadienoic acidHMDB
9-cis,12-cis-LinoleateHMDB
9-cis,12-cis-Linoleic acidHMDB
9Z,12Z-LinoleateHMDB
9Z,12Z-Linoleic acidHMDB
cis-9,cis-12-OctadecadienoateHMDB
cis-9,cis-12-Octadecadienoic acidHMDB
cis-D9,12-OctadecadienoateHMDB
cis-D9,12-Octadecadienoic acidHMDB
Emersol 315HMDB
Extra linoleic 90HMDB
Polylin 515HMDB
Unifac 6550HMDB
Acid, 9,12-octadecadienoicHMDB
Linoelaidic acidHMDB
Linoleic acid, (e,e)-isomerHMDB
Linoleic acid, (Z,Z)-isomerHMDB
Linoleic acid, (Z,Z)-isomer, 14C-labeledHMDB
Linoleic acid, ammonium salt, (Z,Z)-isomerHMDB
Linoleic acid, potassium salt, (Z,Z)-isomerHMDB
9 trans,12 trans Octadecadienoic acidHMDB
9-trans,12-trans-Octadecadienoic acidHMDB
Linoleic acid, sodium salt, (e,e)-isomerHMDB
Linoleic acid, sodium salt, (Z,Z)-isomerHMDB
trans,trans-9,12-Octadecadienoic acidHMDB
9,12-Octadecadienoic acidHMDB
Linoelaidic acid, (e,Z)-isomerHMDB
Linoleic acid, calcium salt, (Z,Z)-isomerHMDB
Linolelaidic acidHMDB
9,12 Octadecadienoic acidHMDB
Linoleic acid, (Z,e)-isomerHMDB
FA(18:2(9Z,12Z))HMDB
Chemical FormulaC18H32O2
Average Mass280.4455 Da
Monoisotopic Mass280.24023 Da
IUPAC Name(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoic acid
Traditional Namelinoleic
CAS Registry Number60-33-3
SMILES
CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C18H32O2/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18(19)20/h6-7,9-10H,2-5,8,11-17H2,1H3,(H,19,20)/b7-6-,10-9-
InChI KeyOYHQOLUKZRVURQ-HZJYTTRNSA-N
Experimental Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionDepositor EmailDepositor OrganizationDepositorDeposition DateView
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H2O, experimental)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
2D NMR[1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, CDCl3, experimental)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
Predicted Spectra
Not Available
Chemical Shift Submissions
Not Available
Species
Species of Origin
Species NameSourceReference
Abelmoschus esculentusLOTUS Database
Abies pinsapoLOTUS Database
Abutilon ramosumLOTUS Database
Acacia mearnsiiLOTUS Database
Achillea fragrantissimaLOTUS Database
Aconitum japonicumLOTUS Database
Acorus calamusLOTUS Database
Acorus calanus L.KNApSAcK Database
Adenophora triphyllaLOTUS Database
Aegle marmelosPlant
Aesculus hippocastanumLOTUS Database
Aesculus hippocastanum L.KNApSAcK Database
Agaricus bisporusLOTUS Database
Agaricus blazeiLOTUS Database
Agave americanaLOTUS Database
Agave decipiensLOTUS Database
Ageratum conyzoidesLOTUS Database
Ailanthus altissimaLOTUS Database
Ailuropoda melanoleucaLOTUS Database
Aleurites moluccanaKNApSAcK Database
Aleurites moluccanusPlant
Aleurites montanaKNApSAcK Database
Allium cepaLOTUS Database
Allium hirtifoliumPlant
Allium obliquumLOTUS Database
Allium sativumLOTUS Database
Alpinia oxyphyllaKNApSAcK Database
Althaea officinalisLOTUS Database
Amaranthus caudatusLOTUS Database
Amaranthus paniculatusLOTUS Database
Amaranthus tricolorLOTUS Database
Anagallis arvensisLOTUS Database
Anethum graveolensLOTUS Database
Angelica pubescensLOTUS Database
Anisophyllea laurinaLOTUS Database
Aphanamixis polystachyaKNApSAcK Database
Apios americanaLOTUS Database
Arabidopsis thalianaLOTUS Database
Arachis hypogaeaLOTUS Database
Arisaema tortuosumLOTUS Database
Arnica montanaLOTUS Database
Artemisia baldshuanicaLOTUS Database
Artocarpus heterophyllusLOTUS Database
Asclepias syriacaLOTUS Database
Asparagus officinalisPlant
Atractylodes lanceaLOTUS Database
Attalea colendaLOTUS Database
Averrhoa carambolaKNApSAcK Database
Azima tetracanthaLOTUS Database
Barringtonia asiaticaLOTUS Database
Bauhinia tomentosaKNApSAcK Database
Bellis perennisLOTUS Database
Bidens pilosaLOTUS Database
Bidens tripartitaLOTUS Database
Boa constrictorLOTUS Database
Boehmeria holosericeaKNApSAcK Database
Boehmeria niveaLOTUS Database
Boehmeria tricuspisKNApSAcK Database
Bombax ceibaLOTUS Database
Borago officinalisLOTUS Database
Brassica hirtaKNApSAcK Database
Brassica napusLOTUS Database
Brassica rapaLOTUS Database
Bredemeyera brevifoliaLOTUS Database
Brunfelsia americanaLOTUS Database
Bryonia albaLOTUS Database
Cachrys siculaLOTUS Database
Calophyllum calabaKNApSAcK Database
Calophyllum inophyllumKNApSAcK Database
Camellia sinensisLOTUS Database
Canarium albumLOTUS Database
Canavalia ensiformisLOTUS Database
Cannabis sativaCannabisDB
      Not Available
Capparis spinosaLOTUS Database
Carica papayaLOTUS Database
Carthamus oxyacanthusLOTUS Database
Carthamus tinctoriusLOTUS Database
Caryodendron orinocenseLOTUS Database
Cassia absuPlant
Cassia fistulaLOTUS Database
Cassia javanicaLOTUS Database
Catharanthus roseusLOTUS Database
Cedrela odorataLOTUS Database
Celastrus hypoleucusLOTUS Database
Celastrus paniculataLOTUS Database
Centaurea asperaLOTUS Database
Chamaecyparis formosensisLOTUS Database
Chamaemalum nobile-
Chlamydomonas reinhardtiiLOTUS Database
Citrullus colocynthisLOTUS Database
Citrullus lanatusLOTUS Database
Citrus reticulataLOTUS Database
Citrus sinensisLOTUS Database
Cleome amblyocarpaLOTUS Database
Clitoria ternataKNApSAcK Database
Clitoria ternateaLOTUS Database
Clivia miniataLOTUS Database
Clonostachys candelabrumLOTUS Database
Coix lacryma-jobiLOTUS Database
Colletia spinosissimaLOTUS Database
Consolida regalisLOTUS Database
Cordia sinensisLOTUS Database
Corymbia citriodoraLOTUS Database
Crotalaria pallidaLOTUS Database
Crotalaria retusaLOTUS Database
Cryptolepis buchananiiLOTUS Database
Cryptomeria japonicaLOTUS Database
Cryptostegia grandifloraLOTUS Database
Cucumis meloLOTUS Database
Cucumis sativusLOTUS Database
Cucurbita foetidissimaLOTUS Database
Cucurbita pepoLOTUS Database
Cullen corylifoliumPlant
Cuphea appendiculataLOTUS Database
Curcuma longaPlant
Curcurbita pepo L.-
Cuscuta campestrisLOTUS Database
Cyamopsis tetragonolobaLOTUS Database
Cynara cornigeraLOTUS Database
Cystoclonium purpureumLOTUS Database
Dalbergia lanceolariaLOTUS Database
Datura stramoniumLOTUS Database
Daucus carota ssp. sativusKNApSAcK Database
Delonix regiaLOTUS Database
Dictamnus albusLOTUS Database
Dimerostemma brasilianumLOTUS Database
Dipteryx lacuniferaLOTUS Database
Dipteryx odorataLOTUS Database
Dirca palustrisLOTUS Database
Dovyalis caffraLOTUS Database
Drymaria cordataKNApSAcK Database
Dryopteris expansaLOTUS Database
Duhaldea cappaLOTUS Database
Echinacea purpureaLOTUS Database
Echium auberianumKNApSAcK Database
Echium boissieriKNApSAcK Database
Echium gentianoidesKNApSAcK Database
Echium giganteumKNApSAcK Database
Echium lusitanicumKNApSAcK Database
Echium pitardiiKNApSAcK Database
Echium plantagineumKNApSAcK Database
Echium sabulicolaKNApSAcK Database
Echium strictumKNApSAcK Database
Echium vulgareKNApSAcK Database
Elaeagnus angustifoliaLOTUS Database
Elaeis guineensisLOTUS Database
Epilobium parviflorumLOTUS Database
Equilabium molleLOTUS Database
Erigeron caucasicusLOTUS Database
Erigeron philadelphicusLOTUS Database
Eriobotrya japonicaLOTUS Database
Erucaria microcarpaLOTUS Database
Erycibe expansaKNApSAcK Database
Erythrina suberosaLOTUS Database
Euphausia superbaLOTUS Database
Euphorbia characiasLOTUS Database
Euphorbia glareosaLOTUS Database
Euphorbia miliiLOTUS Database
Fagus orientalisLOTUS Database
Fernandoa adenophyllaLOTUS Database
Foeniculum vulgareLOTUS Database
Frullania anomalaPlant
Frullania incumbensPlant
Frullania lobulataPlant
Frullania probosciphoraPlant
Frullania pycnanthaPlant
Frullania scandensPlant
Frullania solanderianaPlant
Frullania spiniferaPlant
Fumaria vaillantiiLOTUS Database
Gaillardia suavisLOTUS Database
Ganoderma australeLOTUS Database
Garcinia dulcisLOTUS Database
Gardenia resiniferaLOTUS Database
Gladiolus italicusLOTUS Database
Gleditsia triacanthosLOTUS Database
Glycine maxKNApSAcK Database
Gnetum eduleLOTUS Database
Gossypium hirsutumLOTUS Database
Gremmeniella abietinaLOTUS Database
Gustavia longifoliaLOTUS Database
Gynura japonicaLOTUS Database
Hansenia weberbauerianaLOTUS Database
Helianthus porteriLOTUS Database
Heracleum dissectumLOTUS Database
Hibiscus cannabinusLOTUS Database
Hibiscus sabdariffaLOTUS Database
Hieracium intybaceum All.LOTUS Database
Hippophae rhamnoidesLOTUS Database
Hirschfeldia incanaLOTUS Database
Homo sapiensLOTUS Database
Houttuynia cordataLOTUS Database
Hoya coronariaLOTUS Database
Humulus lupulusLOTUS Database
Hygrophorus chrysodonLOTUS Database
Hyoscyamus muticusLOTUS Database
Hypericum perforatumLOTUS Database
Inezia integrifoliaLOTUS Database
Inula grandisLOTUS Database
Iris sofaranaLOTUS Database
Iris soforanaKNApSAcK Database
Isatis tinctoriaKNApSAcK Database
Jasminum auriculatumKNApSAcK Database
Jasminum fluminenseLOTUS Database
Jatropha curcusKNApSAcK Database
Jatropha gossypifoliaLOTUS Database
Jodina rhombifoliaLOTUS Database
Justicia heterocarpa T.ANDERSKNApSAcK Database
Lactuca saligna L.LOTUS Database
Lactuca serriolaLOTUS Database
Lagenaria brevifloraLOTUS Database
Lagerstroemia speciosaLOTUS Database
Lagerstroemia thomsonilKNApSAcK Database
Laminaria japonicaKNApSAcK Database
Lantana camaraLOTUS Database
Lantana ukambensisLOTUS Database
Larix gmeliniLOTUS Database
Lathraea squamariaLOTUS Database
Laurus nobilisKNApSAcK Database
Laurus nobilis L.Plant
Lemna aequinoctialisLOTUS Database
Lepidium meyeniiLOTUS Database
Lepidium meyenii MacaKNApSAcK Database
Leptolyngbya tenuisLOTUS Database
Leptomitus lacteusLOTUS Database
Leucaena glaucaLOTUS Database
Leucopaxillus gentianeusLOTUS Database
Ligularia macrophyllaLOTUS Database
Ligularia nelumbifoliaLOTUS Database
Ligustrum lucidumLOTUS Database
Linum usitatissimumLOTUS Database
Lupinus albusKNApSAcK Database
Lygodium japonicumLOTUS Database
Maackia amurensisLOTUS Database
Macadamia integrifoliaLOTUS Database
Maclura pomiferaLOTUS Database
Macrococculus pomiferusLOTUS Database
Malus domesticaLOTUS Database
Malva sylvestrisLOTUS Database
Mandragora autumnalisKNApSAcK Database
Mangifera indicaKNApSAcK Database
Matricaria chamomillaKNApSAcK Database
Mentha spicataLOTUS Database
Michelia albaLOTUS Database
Microglossa pyrifoliaLOTUS Database
Mikania goyazensisLOTUS Database
Mitracarpus hirtusLOTUS Database
Momordica charantiaLOTUS Database
Monascus pilosusLOTUS Database
Mucuna puriensPlant
Musa paradisiacaLOTUS Database
Myuroclada maximowicziiLOTUS Database
Narthecium ossifragumLOTUS Database
Nervilia plicataLOTUS Database
Nicotiana tabacumKNApSAcK Database
Nigella sativaPlant
Nothapodytes nimmonianaLOTUS Database
Nymphaea albaKNApSAcK Database
Ocimum basilicumLOTUS Database
Oenothera biennisLOTUS Database
Oenothera villosaLOTUS Database
Olea europaeaLOTUS Database
Oleandra wallichiiLOTUS Database
Ononis natrixLOTUS Database
Opisthoplatia orientalisLOTUS Database
Panax ginsengPlant
Panax quinquefoliusLOTUS Database
Pandanus conoideusLOTUS Database
Papaver bracteatumLOTUS Database
Parinari montanaLOTUS Database
Passiflora foetidaLOTUS Database
Paxillus involutusLOTUS Database
Peganum harmalaLOTUS Database
Penicillium javanicumLOTUS Database
Penicillium oxalicumLOTUS Database
Pentaclethra macrophyllaLOTUS Database
Perilla frutescensLOTUS Database
Periploca sepiumLOTUS Database
Petiveria alliaceaLOTUS Database
Phaseolus coccineusLOTUS Database
Picea jezoensisLOTUS Database
Picea obovataLOTUS Database
Pinus monticolaLOTUS Database
Pinus pinasterLOTUS Database
Pinus resinosaLOTUS Database
Pinus sibiricaKNApSAcK Database
Pistacia veraLOTUS Database
Pithecellobium dulceLOTUS Database
Plagiochila porelloidesLOTUS Database
Plantago ovataLOTUS Database
Pleurotus ostreatusLOTUS Database
Pleurotus pulmonariusLOTUS Database
Pongamia pinnataLOTUS Database
Populus tremulaLOTUS Database
Populus tremuloidesLOTUS Database
Portulaca oleraceaLOTUS Database
Potentilla asiaticaKNApSAcK Database
Potentilla desertorumKNApSAcK Database
Potentilla orientalisKNApSAcK Database
Poterium polygamum-
Prunus africanaLOTUS Database
Prunus armeniacaLOTUS Database
Prunus cerasusLOTUS Database
Prunus laurocerasusLOTUS Database
Prunus mumeLOTUS Database
Pseudostellaria heterophyllaLOTUS Database
Psophocarpus tetragonolobusLOTUS Database
Psoralea corylifoliaKNApSAcK Database
Pterodon emarginatusLOTUS Database
Punica granatumKNApSAcK Database
Pythium aphanidermatumLOTUS Database
Rana temporariaLOTUS Database
Rhodotorula glutinisLOTUS Database
Rhytidiadelphus squarrosusLOTUS Database
Ribes nigrumLOTUS Database
Rosa caninaLOTUS Database
Rosa platyacanthaLOTUS Database
Rosa taiwanensisLOTUS Database
Saccharina japonicaPlant
Salvia fruticosaLOTUS Database
Saussurea involucrataLOTUS Database
Saussurea medusaLOTUS Database
Saxifraga stolonifera Meerb.KNApSAcK Database
Scomber japonicusLOTUS Database
Scrophularia nodosaLOTUS Database
Scurrula atropurpureaLOTUS Database
Sebastiana sebiferum-
Senegalia melliferaPlant
Senna alexandrinaLOTUS Database
Senna corymbosaLOTUS Database
Serenoa repensLOTUS Database
Serpocaulon loriceumLOTUS Database
Sesamum indicumLOTUS Database
Sideritis tauricaLOTUS Database
Silybum marianumKNApSAcK Database
Sinapis albaPlant
Skeletonema marinoiLOTUS Database
Solanum argentinumLOTUS Database
Solanum tuberosumKNApSAcK Database
Spermacoce pusillaLOTUS Database
Spinacia oleraceaLOTUS Database
Spongiporus leucomallellus (Murril)-
Stellaria dichotomaLOTUS Database
Sterculia tragacanthaLOTUS Database
Strychnos spinosaLOTUS Database
Suaeda aegyptiacaLOTUS Database
Syzygium cuminiLOTUS Database
Talaromyces flavusLOTUS Database
Taraxacum officinaleLOTUS Database
Taxus maireiLOTUS Database
Terminalia pallidaLOTUS Database
Thalictrum revolutumLOTUS Database
Theobroma cacaoLOTUS Database
Thlaspi arvenseLOTUS Database
Thuja occidentalisLOTUS Database
Tilia cordataPlant
Tilia cordata Mill.KNApSAcK Database
Tilia tomentosaLOTUS Database
Toona sinensisLOTUS Database
Tornabea scutelliferaLOTUS Database
Trichodesma zeylanicumLOTUS Database
Trichosanthes tricuspidataLOTUS Database
Trifolium repensLOTUS Database
Trigonella foenum-graecumLOTUS Database
Trillium erectumLOTUS Database
Tripterygium hypoglaucumKNApSAcK Database
Turnera ulmifoliaLOTUS Database
Typha domingensisLOTUS Database
Typha domingensis P.KNApSAcK Database
Ulva pertusaLOTUS Database
Vachellia constrictaLOTUS Database
Ventilago denticulataLOTUS Database
Vigna angularisLOTUS Database
Vigna subterraneaLOTUS Database
Viguiera dentataLOTUS Database
Vitex agnus-castusLOTUS Database
Vitis viniferaLOTUS Database
Warburgia ugandensisLOTUS Database
Wedelia acapulcensisLOTUS Database
Withania somniferaPlant
Zanthoxylum beecheyanumLOTUS Database
Zea maysLOTUS Database
Ziziphus jujubaLOTUS Database
Ziziphus spina-christiLOTUS Database
Species Where Detected
Species NameSourceReference
Aspergillus insuetusKNApSAcK Database
Ganoderma lucidumKNApSAcK Database
Homo sapiens (Serum)KNApSAcK Database
Monascus pilosus BCRC38072KNApSAcK Database
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as lineolic acids and derivatives. These are derivatives of lineolic acid. Lineolic acid is a polyunsaturated omega-6 18 carbon long fatty acid, with two CC double bonds at the 9- and 12-positions.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassLipids and lipid-like molecules
ClassFatty Acyls
Sub ClassLineolic acids and derivatives
Direct ParentLineolic acids and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Octadecanoid
  • Long-chain fatty acid
  • Fatty acid
  • Unsaturated fatty acid
  • Straight chain fatty acid
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Physical Properties
StateLiquid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point-8.5 °CNot Available
Boiling Point229.00 to 230.00 °C. @ 16.00 mm HgThe Good Scents Company Information System
Water Solubility0.038 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)The Good Scents Company Information System
LogP7.05Sangster, J. (1993). LOGKOW- a Databank of Evaluated Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients. Sangster Research Laboratories, Montreal.
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.00015 g/LALOGPS
logP7.06ALOGPS
logP6.42ChemAxon
logS-6.3ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)4.99ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count2ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area37.3 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count14ChemAxon
Refractivity88.52 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability35.86 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
BioavailabilityNoChemAxon
Rule of FiveNoChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
HMDB IDHMDB0000673
DrugBank IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FoodDB IDFDB006562
KNApSAcK IDC00001224
Chemspider ID4444105
KEGG Compound IDC01595
BioCyc IDLINOLEIC_ACID
BiGG ID37956
Wikipedia LinkLinoleic_acid
METLIN ID191
PubChem Compound5280450
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID17351
Good Scents IDrw1045901
References
General References
  1. Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07762. [PubMed:19212411 ]
  2. Hoffmann GF, Meier-Augenstein W, Stockler S, Surtees R, Rating D, Nyhan WL: Physiology and pathophysiology of organic acids in cerebrospinal fluid. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1993;16(4):648-69. [PubMed:8412012 ]
  3. Schurer NY, Stremmel W, Grundmann JU, Schliep V, Kleinert H, Bass NM, Williams ML: Evidence for a novel keratinocyte fatty acid uptake mechanism with preference for linoleic acid: comparison of oleic and linoleic acid uptake by cultured human keratinocytes, fibroblasts and a human hepatoma cell line. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1994 Feb 10;1211(1):51-60. [PubMed:8123682 ]
  4. Valianpour F, Wanders RJ, Overmars H, Vaz FM, Barth PG, van Gennip AH: Linoleic acid supplementation of Barth syndrome fibroblasts restores cardiolipin levels: implications for treatment. J Lipid Res. 2003 Mar;44(3):560-6. Epub 2002 Dec 16. [PubMed:12562862 ]
  5. Horrobin DF: Essential fatty acid metabolism and its modification in atopic eczema. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Jan;71(1 Suppl):367S-72S. [PubMed:10617999 ]
  6. Imokawa G, Yada Y, Higuchi K, Okuda M, Ohashi Y, Kawamata A: Pseudo-acylceramide with linoleic acid produces selective recovery of diminished cutaneous barrier function in essential fatty acid-deficient rats and has an inhibitory effect on epidermal hyperplasia. J Clin Invest. 1994 Jul;94(1):89-96. [PubMed:8040295 ]
  7. Kawajiri H, Hsi LC, Kamitani H, Ikawa H, Geller M, Ward T, Eling TE, Glasgow WC: Arachidonic and linoleic acid metabolism in mouse intestinal tissue: evidence for novel lipoxygenase activity. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2002 Feb 1;398(1):51-60. [PubMed:11811948 ]
  8. Iso H, Sato S, Umemura U, Kudo M, Koike K, Kitamura A, Imano H, Okamura T, Naito Y, Shimamoto T: Linoleic acid, other fatty acids, and the risk of stroke. Stroke. 2002 Aug;33(8):2086-93. [PubMed:12154268 ]
  9. Seidel D, Heipertz R, Weisner B: Cerebrospinal fluid lipids in demyelinating disease. II. Linoleic acid as an index of impaired blood-CSF barrier. J Neurol. 1980 Jan;222(3):177-82. [PubMed:6153705 ]
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