Record Information |
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Version | 2.0 |
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Created at | 2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC |
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Updated at | 2021-10-07 20:41:48 UTC |
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NP-MRD ID | NP0000784 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | None |
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Natural Product Identification |
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Common Name | Deoxycholic acid |
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Description | Deoxycholic acid is a secondary bile acid produced in the liver and is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, and depends only on the presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine, and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH, and consequently require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.G. Membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues (PMID: 11316487 , 16037564 , 12576301 , 11907135 ). When present in sufficiently high levels, deoxycholic acid can act as a hepatotoxin, a metabotoxin, and an oncometabolite. A hepatotoxin causes damage to the liver or liver cells. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. An oncometabolite is a compound, when present at chronically high levels, that promotes tumour growth and survival. Among the primary bile acids, cholic acid is considered to be the least hepatotoxic while deoxycholic acid is the most hepatoxic (PMID: 1641875 ). The liver toxicity of bile acids appears to be due to their ability to peroxidate lipids and to lyse liver cells. High bile acid levels lead to the generation of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, disruption of the cell membrane and mitochondria, induction of DNA damage, mutation and apoptosis, and the development of reduced apoptosis capability upon chronic exposure (PMID: 24884764 ). Chronically high levels of deoxycholic acid are associated with familial hypercholanemia. In hypercholanemia, bile acids, including deoxycholic acid, are elevated in the blood. This disease causes liver damage, extensive itching, poor fat absorption, and can lead to rickets due to lack of calcium in bones. The deficiency of normal bile acids in the intestines results in a deficiency of vitamin K, which also adversely affects clotting of the blood. The bile acid ursodiol (ursodeoxycholic acid) can improve symptoms associated with familial hypercholanemia. Chronically high levels of deoxycholic acid are also associated with several forms of cancer including colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, esophageal cancer, and many other GI cancers. |
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Structure | [H][C@@]1(CC[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])CC[C@]4([H])C[C@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@@]3([H])C[C@H](O)[C@]12C)[C@H](C)CCC(O)=O InChI=1S/C24H40O4/c1-14(4-9-22(27)28)18-7-8-19-17-6-5-15-12-16(25)10-11-23(15,2)20(17)13-21(26)24(18,19)3/h14-21,25-26H,4-13H2,1-3H3,(H,27,28)/t14-,15-,16-,17+,18-,19+,20+,21+,23+,24-/m1/s1 |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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(3ALPHA,5ALPHA,12ALPHA)-3,12-DIHYDROXYCHOLAN-24-OIC ACID | ChEBI | (3alpha,5beta,12alpha)-3,12-Dihydroxycholan-24-Oic acid | ChEBI | 3alpha,12alpha-Dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid | ChEBI | 7alpha-Deoxycholic acid | ChEBI | Desoxycholic acid | ChEBI | Desoxycholsaeure | ChEBI | Deoxycholate | Kegg | 3alpha,12alpha-Dihydroxy-5beta-cholanate | Kegg | (3a,5a,12a)-3,12-DIHYDROXYCHOLAN-24-Oate | Generator | (3a,5a,12a)-3,12-DIHYDROXYCHOLAN-24-Oic acid | Generator | (3alpha,5alpha,12alpha)-3,12-DIHYDROXYCHOLAN-24-Oate | Generator | (3Α,5α,12α)-3,12-dihydroxycholan-24-Oate | Generator | (3Α,5α,12α)-3,12-dihydroxycholan-24-Oic acid | Generator | (3a,5b,12a)-3,12-Dihydroxycholan-24-Oate | Generator | (3a,5b,12a)-3,12-Dihydroxycholan-24-Oic acid | Generator | (3alpha,5beta,12alpha)-3,12-Dihydroxycholan-24-Oate | Generator | (3Α,5β,12α)-3,12-dihydroxycholan-24-Oate | Generator | (3Α,5β,12α)-3,12-dihydroxycholan-24-Oic acid | Generator | 3a,12a-Dihydroxy-5b-cholanate | Generator | 3a,12a-Dihydroxy-5b-cholanic acid | Generator | 3Α,12α-dihydroxy-5β-cholanate | Generator | 3Α,12α-dihydroxy-5β-cholanic acid | Generator | 7a-Deoxycholate | Generator | 7a-Deoxycholic acid | Generator | 7alpha-Deoxycholate | Generator | 7Α-deoxycholate | Generator | 7Α-deoxycholic acid | Generator | Desoxycholate | Generator | 5b-Cholanic acid-3a,12a-diol | HMDB | 5b-Deoxycholate | HMDB | 5b-Deoxycholic acid | HMDB | 7-Deoxycholate | HMDB | 7-Deoxycholic acid | HMDB | Cholerebic | HMDB | Cholorebic | HMDB | Degalol | HMDB | Deoxy-cholate | HMDB | Deoxy-cholic acid | HMDB | Deoxycholatate | HMDB | Deoxycholatic acid | HMDB | Acid, lagodeoxycholic | HMDB | Deoxycholic acid, 5alpha isomer | HMDB | Deoxycholic acid, sodium salt, 12beta-isomer | HMDB | Lagodeoxycholic acid | HMDB | Acid, choleic | HMDB | Deoxycholic acid, 12beta isomer | HMDB | Deoxycholic acid, 3beta-isomer | HMDB | Deoxycholic acid, monoammonium salt | HMDB | 12beta-Isomer deoxycholic acid | HMDB | 3beta-Isomer deoxycholic acid | HMDB | Acid, 5alpha-isomer deoxycholic | HMDB | Acid, deoxycholic | HMDB | Acid, desoxycholic | HMDB | Deoxycholate, sodium | HMDB | Deoxycholic acid, 12beta-isomer | HMDB | Deoxycholic acid, 5alpha-isomer | HMDB | Deoxycholic acid, monopotassium salt | HMDB | Deoxycholic acid, monosodium salt | HMDB | 5alpha-Isomer deoxycholic acid | HMDB | Acid, dihydroxycholanoic | HMDB | Choleic acid | HMDB | Deoxycholic acid, 3beta isomer | HMDB | Deoxycholic acid, disodium salt | HMDB | Deoxycholic acid, magnesium (2:1) salt | HMDB | Dihydroxycholanoic acid | HMDB | Sodium deoxycholate | HMDB |
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Chemical Formula | C24H40O4 |
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Average Mass | 392.5720 Da |
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Monoisotopic Mass | 392.29266 Da |
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IUPAC Name | (4R)-4-[(1S,2S,5R,7R,10R,11S,14R,15R,16S)-5,16-dihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadecan-14-yl]pentanoic acid |
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Traditional Name | (4R)-4-[(1S,2S,5R,7R,10R,11S,14R,15R,16S)-5,16-dihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadecan-14-yl]pentanoic acid |
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CAS Registry Number | 83-44-3 |
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SMILES | [H][C@@]1(CC[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])CC[C@]4([H])C[C@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@@]3([H])C[C@H](O)[C@]12C)[C@H](C)CCC(O)=O |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C24H40O4/c1-14(4-9-22(27)28)18-7-8-19-17-6-5-15-12-16(25)10-11-23(15,2)20(17)13-21(26)24(18,19)3/h14-21,25-26H,4-13H2,1-3H3,(H,27,28)/t14-,15-,16-,17+,18-,19+,20+,21+,23+,24-/m1/s1 |
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InChI Key | KXGVEGMKQFWNSR-LLQZFEROSA-N |
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Experimental Spectra |
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| Spectrum Type | Description | Depositor Email | Depositor Organization | Depositor | Deposition Date | View |
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1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 2D NMR | [1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum |
| Predicted Spectra |
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| Not Available | Chemical Shift Submissions |
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| Not Available | Species |
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Species of Origin | |
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Species Where Detected | |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dihydroxy bile acids, alcohols and derivatives. Dihydroxy bile acids, alcohols and derivatives are compounds containing or derived from a bile acid or alcohol, and which bears exactly two carboxylic acid groups. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Lipids and lipid-like molecules |
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Class | Steroids and steroid derivatives |
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Sub Class | Bile acids, alcohols and derivatives |
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Direct Parent | Dihydroxy bile acids, alcohols and derivatives |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Dihydroxy bile acid, alcohol, or derivatives
- 3-hydroxysteroid
- 3-alpha-hydroxysteroid
- 12-hydroxysteroid
- Hydroxysteroid
- Cyclic alcohol
- Secondary alcohol
- Carboxylic acid
- Carboxylic acid derivative
- Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
- Organooxygen compound
- Organic oxygen compound
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organic oxide
- Carbonyl group
- Alcohol
- Aliphatic homopolycyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aliphatic homopolycyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | 171 - 174 °C | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | 0.044 mg/mL | Not Available | LogP | 3.50 | Roda, A., Minutello, A., Angellotti, M. A., & Fini, A. (1990). Bile acid structure-activity relationship: evaluation of bile acid lipophilicity using 1-octanol/water partition coefficient and reverse phase HPLC. Journal of lipid research, 31(8), 1433-1443. |
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Predicted Properties | |
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General References | - Tadano T, Kanoh M, Matsumoto M, Sakamoto K, Kamano T: Studies of serum and feces bile acids determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Rinsho Byori. 2006 Feb;54(2):103-10. [PubMed:16548228 ]
- Salen G, Tint GS, Eliav B, Deering N, Mosbach EH: Increased formation of ursodeoxycholic acid in patients treated with chenodeoxycholic acid. J Clin Invest. 1974 Feb;53(2):612-21. [PubMed:11344576 ]
- Berr F, Stellaard F, Pratschke E, Paumgartner G: Effects of cholecystectomy on the kinetics of primary and secondary bile acids. J Clin Invest. 1989 May;83(5):1541-50. [PubMed:2708522 ]
- Yamaga N, Adachi K, Shimizu K, Miyake S, Sumi F, Miyagawa I, Goto H: Bile acids of patients with renal failure receiving chronic hemodialysis. Steroids. 1986 Nov-Dec;48(5-6):427-38. [PubMed:3445292 ]
- Stellaard F, Paumgartner G, van Berge Henegouwen GP, van der Werf SD: Determination of deoxycholic acid pool size and input rate using [24-13C]deoxycholic acid and serum sampling. J Lipid Res. 1986 Nov;27(11):1222-5. [PubMed:3559388 ]
- Andersen RB, Bruusgaard A: Effect of the common bile acids on the fibrin/fibrinogen fragments in rheumatoid synovial fluid. A possible clue to the ameliorating effect of jaundice in rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol. 1975;4(3):158-64. [PubMed:52191 ]
- Deleze G, Paumgartner G, Karlaganis G, Giger W, Reinhard M, Sidiropoulos D: Bile acid pattern in human amniotic fluid. Eur J Clin Invest. 1978 Feb;8(1):41-5. [PubMed:417931 ]
- Beher WT, Gabbard A, Norum RA, Stradnieks S: Effect of blood high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration on fecal steroid excretion in humans. Life Sci. 1983 Jun 27;32(26):2933-7. [PubMed:6865641 ]
- Nobuoka A, Takayama T, Miyanishi K, Sato T, Takanashi K, Hayashi T, Kukitsu T, Sato Y, Takahashi M, Okamoto T, Matsunaga T, Kato J, Oda M, Azuma T, Niitsu Y: Glutathione-S-transferase P1-1 protects aberrant crypt foci from apoptosis induced by deoxycholic acid. Gastroenterology. 2004 Aug;127(2):428-43. [PubMed:15300575 ]
- Rudi J, Schonig T, Stremmel W: -Therapy with ursodeoxycholic acid in primary biliary cirrhosis in pregnancy-. Z Gastroenterol. 1996 Mar;34(3):188-91. [PubMed:8650973 ]
- Heikkinen J, Maentausta O, Tuimala R, Ylostalo P, Janne O: Amniotic fluid bile acids in normal and pathologic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1980 Jul;56(1):60-4. [PubMed:7383489 ]
- Duret G, Delcour AH: Deoxycholic acid blocks vibrio cholerae OmpT but not OmpU porin. J Biol Chem. 2006 Jul 21;281(29):19899-905. Epub 2006 May 2. [PubMed:16670088 ]
- Costarelli V, Sanders TA: Plasma deoxycholic acid concentration is elevated in postmenopausal women with newly diagnosed breast cancer. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002 Sep;56(9):925-7. [PubMed:12209383 ]
- Stadler J, Yeung KS, Furrer R, Marcon N, Himal HS, Bruce WR: Proliferative activity of rectal mucosa and soluble fecal bile acids in patients with normal colons and in patients with colonic polyps or cancer. Cancer Lett. 1988 Jan;38(3):315-20. [PubMed:3349450 ]
- Delzenne NM, Calderon PB, Taper HS, Roberfroid MB: Comparative hepatotoxicity of cholic acid, deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid in the rat: in vivo and in vitro studies. Toxicol Lett. 1992 Jul;61(2-3):291-304. [PubMed:1641875 ]
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