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Record Information
Version1.0
Created at2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
Updated at2021-10-07 20:41:48 UTC
NP-MRD IDNP0000784
Secondary Accession NumbersNone
Natural Product Identification
Common NameDeoxycholic acid
DescriptionDeoxycholic acid is a secondary bile acid produced in the liver and is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, and depends only on the presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine, and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH, and consequently require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.G. Membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues (PMID: 11316487 , 16037564 , 12576301 , 11907135 ). When present in sufficiently high levels, deoxycholic acid can act as a hepatotoxin, a metabotoxin, and an oncometabolite. A hepatotoxin causes damage to the liver or liver cells. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. An oncometabolite is a compound, when present at chronically high levels, that promotes tumour growth and survival. Among the primary bile acids, cholic acid is considered to be the least hepatotoxic while deoxycholic acid is the most hepatoxic (PMID: 1641875 ). The liver toxicity of bile acids appears to be due to their ability to peroxidate lipids and to lyse liver cells. High bile acid levels lead to the generation of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, disruption of the cell membrane and mitochondria, induction of DNA damage, mutation and apoptosis, and the development of reduced apoptosis capability upon chronic exposure (PMID: 24884764 ). Chronically high levels of deoxycholic acid are associated with familial hypercholanemia. In hypercholanemia, bile acids, including deoxycholic acid, are elevated in the blood. This disease causes liver damage, extensive itching, poor fat absorption, and can lead to rickets due to lack of calcium in bones. The deficiency of normal bile acids in the intestines results in a deficiency of vitamin K, which also adversely affects clotting of the blood. The bile acid ursodiol (ursodeoxycholic acid) can improve symptoms associated with familial hypercholanemia. Chronically high levels of deoxycholic acid are also associated with several forms of cancer including colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, esophageal cancer, and many other GI cancers.
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
ValueSource
(3ALPHA,5ALPHA,12ALPHA)-3,12-DIHYDROXYCHOLAN-24-OIC ACIDChEBI
(3alpha,5beta,12alpha)-3,12-Dihydroxycholan-24-Oic acidChEBI
3alpha,12alpha-Dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acidChEBI
7alpha-Deoxycholic acidChEBI
Desoxycholic acidChEBI
DesoxycholsaeureChEBI
DeoxycholateKegg
3alpha,12alpha-Dihydroxy-5beta-cholanateKegg
(3a,5a,12a)-3,12-DIHYDROXYCHOLAN-24-OateGenerator
(3a,5a,12a)-3,12-DIHYDROXYCHOLAN-24-Oic acidGenerator
(3alpha,5alpha,12alpha)-3,12-DIHYDROXYCHOLAN-24-OateGenerator
(3Α,5α,12α)-3,12-dihydroxycholan-24-OateGenerator
(3Α,5α,12α)-3,12-dihydroxycholan-24-Oic acidGenerator
(3a,5b,12a)-3,12-Dihydroxycholan-24-OateGenerator
(3a,5b,12a)-3,12-Dihydroxycholan-24-Oic acidGenerator
(3alpha,5beta,12alpha)-3,12-Dihydroxycholan-24-OateGenerator
(3Α,5β,12α)-3,12-dihydroxycholan-24-OateGenerator
(3Α,5β,12α)-3,12-dihydroxycholan-24-Oic acidGenerator
3a,12a-Dihydroxy-5b-cholanateGenerator
3a,12a-Dihydroxy-5b-cholanic acidGenerator
3Α,12α-dihydroxy-5β-cholanateGenerator
3Α,12α-dihydroxy-5β-cholanic acidGenerator
7a-DeoxycholateGenerator
7a-Deoxycholic acidGenerator
7alpha-DeoxycholateGenerator
7Α-deoxycholateGenerator
7Α-deoxycholic acidGenerator
DesoxycholateGenerator
5b-Cholanic acid-3a,12a-diolHMDB
5b-DeoxycholateHMDB
5b-Deoxycholic acidHMDB
7-DeoxycholateHMDB
7-Deoxycholic acidHMDB
CholerebicHMDB
CholorebicHMDB
DegalolHMDB
Deoxy-cholateHMDB
Deoxy-cholic acidHMDB
DeoxycholatateHMDB
Deoxycholatic acidHMDB
Acid, lagodeoxycholicHMDB
Deoxycholic acid, 5alpha isomerHMDB
Deoxycholic acid, sodium salt, 12beta-isomerHMDB
Lagodeoxycholic acidHMDB
Acid, choleicHMDB
Deoxycholic acid, 12beta isomerHMDB
Deoxycholic acid, 3beta-isomerHMDB
Deoxycholic acid, monoammonium saltHMDB
12beta-Isomer deoxycholic acidHMDB
3beta-Isomer deoxycholic acidHMDB
Acid, 5alpha-isomer deoxycholicHMDB
Acid, deoxycholicHMDB
Acid, desoxycholicHMDB
Deoxycholate, sodiumHMDB
Deoxycholic acid, 12beta-isomerHMDB
Deoxycholic acid, 5alpha-isomerHMDB
Deoxycholic acid, monopotassium saltHMDB
Deoxycholic acid, monosodium saltHMDB
5alpha-Isomer deoxycholic acidHMDB
Acid, dihydroxycholanoicHMDB
Choleic acidHMDB
Deoxycholic acid, 3beta isomerHMDB
Deoxycholic acid, disodium saltHMDB
Deoxycholic acid, magnesium (2:1) saltHMDB
Dihydroxycholanoic acidHMDB
Sodium deoxycholateHMDB
Chemical FormulaC24H40O4
Average Mass392.5720 Da
Monoisotopic Mass392.29266 Da
IUPAC Name(4R)-4-[(1S,2S,5R,7R,10R,11S,14R,15R,16S)-5,16-dihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadecan-14-yl]pentanoic acid
Traditional Name(4R)-4-[(1S,2S,5R,7R,10R,11S,14R,15R,16S)-5,16-dihydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadecan-14-yl]pentanoic acid
CAS Registry Number83-44-3
SMILES
[H][C@@]1(CC[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])CC[C@]4([H])C[C@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@@]3([H])C[C@H](O)[C@]12C)[C@H](C)CCC(O)=O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C24H40O4/c1-14(4-9-22(27)28)18-7-8-19-17-6-5-15-12-16(25)10-11-23(15,2)20(17)13-21(26)24(18,19)3/h14-21,25-26H,4-13H2,1-3H3,(H,27,28)/t14-,15-,16-,17+,18-,19+,20+,21+,23+,24-/m1/s1
InChI KeyKXGVEGMKQFWNSR-LLQZFEROSA-N
Experimental Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionDepositor EmailDepositor OrganizationDepositorDeposition DateView
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
2D NMR[1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
Predicted Spectra
Not Available
Chemical Shift Submissions
Not Available
Species
Species of Origin
Species NameSourceReference
Anas platyrhynchosFooDB
AnatidaeFooDB
Anser anserFooDB
Bison bisonFooDB
Bos taurusFooDB
Bos taurus X Bison bisonFooDB
Bubalus bubalisFooDB
Capra aegagrus hircusFooDB
CervidaeFooDB
Cervus canadensisFooDB
ColumbaFooDB
ColumbidaeFooDB
Dromaius novaehollandiaeFooDB
Equus caballusFooDB
Gallus gallusFooDB
Lagopus mutaFooDB
LeporidaeFooDB
Lepus timidusFooDB
Melanitta fuscaFooDB
Meleagris gallopavoFooDB
Numida meleagrisFooDB
OdocoileusFooDB
OryctolagusFooDB
Ovis ariesFooDB
PhasianidaeFooDB
Phasianus colchicusFooDB
Pseudomonas syringaeLOTUS Database
Selenarctos thibetanus-
Struthio camelusFooDB
Sus scrofaFooDB
Sus scrofa domesticaFooDB
Species Where Detected
Species NameSourceReference
Bos taurus domesticus GMELINKNApSAcK Database
Homo sapiens (Urine)KNApSAcK Database
Myroides sp. SM1KNApSAcK Database
Penicillium sp. SA29KNApSAcK Database
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dihydroxy bile acids, alcohols and derivatives. Dihydroxy bile acids, alcohols and derivatives are compounds containing or derived from a bile acid or alcohol, and which bears exactly two carboxylic acid groups.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassLipids and lipid-like molecules
ClassSteroids and steroid derivatives
Sub ClassBile acids, alcohols and derivatives
Direct ParentDihydroxy bile acids, alcohols and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Dihydroxy bile acid, alcohol, or derivatives
  • 3-hydroxysteroid
  • 3-alpha-hydroxysteroid
  • 12-hydroxysteroid
  • Hydroxysteroid
  • Cyclic alcohol
  • Secondary alcohol
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic oxide
  • Carbonyl group
  • Alcohol
  • Aliphatic homopolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic homopolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point171 - 174 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility0.044 mg/mLNot Available
LogP3.50Roda, A., Minutello, A., Angellotti, M. A., & Fini, A. (1990). Bile acid structure-activity relationship: evaluation of bile acid lipophilicity using 1-octanol/water partition coefficient and reverse phase HPLC. Journal of lipid research, 31(8), 1433-1443.
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.017 g/LALOGPS
logP3.3ALOGPS
logP3.79ChemAxon
logS-4.4ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)4.65ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-0.35ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count4ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count3ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area77.76 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count4ChemAxon
Refractivity109.2 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability46.3 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings4ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
HMDB IDHMDB0000626
DrugBank IDDB03619
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FoodDB IDFDB012780
KNApSAcK IDC00030117
Chemspider ID193196
KEGG Compound IDC04483
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkDeoxycholic acid
METLIN ID265
PubChem Compound222528
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID28834
Good Scents IDrw1234621
References
General References
  1. Tadano T, Kanoh M, Matsumoto M, Sakamoto K, Kamano T: Studies of serum and feces bile acids determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Rinsho Byori. 2006 Feb;54(2):103-10. [PubMed:16548228 ]
  2. Salen G, Tint GS, Eliav B, Deering N, Mosbach EH: Increased formation of ursodeoxycholic acid in patients treated with chenodeoxycholic acid. J Clin Invest. 1974 Feb;53(2):612-21. [PubMed:11344576 ]
  3. Berr F, Stellaard F, Pratschke E, Paumgartner G: Effects of cholecystectomy on the kinetics of primary and secondary bile acids. J Clin Invest. 1989 May;83(5):1541-50. [PubMed:2708522 ]
  4. Yamaga N, Adachi K, Shimizu K, Miyake S, Sumi F, Miyagawa I, Goto H: Bile acids of patients with renal failure receiving chronic hemodialysis. Steroids. 1986 Nov-Dec;48(5-6):427-38. [PubMed:3445292 ]
  5. Stellaard F, Paumgartner G, van Berge Henegouwen GP, van der Werf SD: Determination of deoxycholic acid pool size and input rate using [24-13C]deoxycholic acid and serum sampling. J Lipid Res. 1986 Nov;27(11):1222-5. [PubMed:3559388 ]
  6. Andersen RB, Bruusgaard A: Effect of the common bile acids on the fibrin/fibrinogen fragments in rheumatoid synovial fluid. A possible clue to the ameliorating effect of jaundice in rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol. 1975;4(3):158-64. [PubMed:52191 ]
  7. Deleze G, Paumgartner G, Karlaganis G, Giger W, Reinhard M, Sidiropoulos D: Bile acid pattern in human amniotic fluid. Eur J Clin Invest. 1978 Feb;8(1):41-5. [PubMed:417931 ]
  8. Beher WT, Gabbard A, Norum RA, Stradnieks S: Effect of blood high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration on fecal steroid excretion in humans. Life Sci. 1983 Jun 27;32(26):2933-7. [PubMed:6865641 ]
  9. Nobuoka A, Takayama T, Miyanishi K, Sato T, Takanashi K, Hayashi T, Kukitsu T, Sato Y, Takahashi M, Okamoto T, Matsunaga T, Kato J, Oda M, Azuma T, Niitsu Y: Glutathione-S-transferase P1-1 protects aberrant crypt foci from apoptosis induced by deoxycholic acid. Gastroenterology. 2004 Aug;127(2):428-43. [PubMed:15300575 ]
  10. Rudi J, Schonig T, Stremmel W: -Therapy with ursodeoxycholic acid in primary biliary cirrhosis in pregnancy-. Z Gastroenterol. 1996 Mar;34(3):188-91. [PubMed:8650973 ]
  11. Heikkinen J, Maentausta O, Tuimala R, Ylostalo P, Janne O: Amniotic fluid bile acids in normal and pathologic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1980 Jul;56(1):60-4. [PubMed:7383489 ]
  12. Duret G, Delcour AH: Deoxycholic acid blocks vibrio cholerae OmpT but not OmpU porin. J Biol Chem. 2006 Jul 21;281(29):19899-905. Epub 2006 May 2. [PubMed:16670088 ]
  13. Costarelli V, Sanders TA: Plasma deoxycholic acid concentration is elevated in postmenopausal women with newly diagnosed breast cancer. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002 Sep;56(9):925-7. [PubMed:12209383 ]
  14. Stadler J, Yeung KS, Furrer R, Marcon N, Himal HS, Bruce WR: Proliferative activity of rectal mucosa and soluble fecal bile acids in patients with normal colons and in patients with colonic polyps or cancer. Cancer Lett. 1988 Jan;38(3):315-20. [PubMed:3349450 ]
  15. St-Pierre MV, Kullak-Ublick GA, Hagenbuch B, Meier PJ: Transport of bile acids in hepatic and non-hepatic tissues. J Exp Biol. 2001 May;204(Pt 10):1673-86. [PubMed:11316487 ]
  16. Claudel T, Staels B, Kuipers F: The Farnesoid X receptor: a molecular link between bile acid and lipid and glucose metabolism. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005 Oct;25(10):2020-30. Epub 2005 Jul 21. [PubMed:16037564 ]
  17. Chiang JY: Bile acid regulation of hepatic physiology: III. Bile acids and nuclear receptors. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2003 Mar;284(3):G349-56. [PubMed:12576301 ]
  18. Davis RA, Miyake JH, Hui TY, Spann NJ: Regulation of cholesterol-7alpha-hydroxylase: BAREly missing a SHP. J Lipid Res. 2002 Apr;43(4):533-43. [PubMed:11907135 ]
  19. Delzenne NM, Calderon PB, Taper HS, Roberfroid MB: Comparative hepatotoxicity of cholic acid, deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid in the rat: in vivo and in vitro studies. Toxicol Lett. 1992 Jul;61(2-3):291-304. [PubMed:1641875 ]
  20. Ajouz H, Mukherji D, Shamseddine A: Secondary bile acids: an underrecognized cause of colon cancer. World J Surg Oncol. 2014 May 24;12:164. doi: 10.1186/1477-7819-12-164. [PubMed:24884764 ]