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Record Information
Version2.0
Created at2009-04-06 16:22:10 UTC
Updated at2024-09-17 15:42:58 UTC
NP-MRD IDNP0000779
Secondary Accession NumbersNone
Natural Product Identification
Common NamePhenylethylamine
DescriptionPhenylethylamine (PEA) is an aromatic amine, which is a colorless liquid at room temperature. It is soluble in water, ethanol, and ether. Similar to other low-molecular-weight amines, it has a fishy odor. Upon exposure to air, it forms a solid carbonate salt with carbon dioxide. Phenethylamine is strongly basic and forms a stable crystalline hydrochloride salt with a melting point of 217 °C. Phenethylamine is also a skin irritant and possible sensitizer. Phenethylamine also has a constitutional isomer (+)-phenylethylamine (1-phenylethylamine), which has two stereoisomers: (R)-(+)-1-phenylethylamine and (S)-(-)-1-phenylethylamine. In the human brain, 2-phenethylamine is believed to function as a neuromodulator or neurotransmitter (a trace amine). Phenethylamine can be biosynthesized from the amino acid phenylalanine by enzymatic decarboxylation. It is also found in many foods such as chocolate, especially after microbial fermentation. However trace amounts from food are quickly metabolized by the enzyme MAO-B (into phenylacetic acid), preventing significant concentrations from reaching the brain. Phenylethylamine is a precursor to the neurotransmitter phenylethanolamine. High levels of PEA have been found in the urine of schizophrenics but it is not significantly elevated in the serum or CSF of schizophrenics (PMID:7906896 , PMID:7360842 ).¬† Urinary levels of PEA are significantly lower in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (PMID:12205654 ).¬† It has been found that PEA is the primary compound found in carnivore (especially cat) urine that leads to rodent (mouse and rat) avoidance. In other words, phenylethylamine is useful for scaring off rodent pests.¬† Quantitative HPLC analysis across 38 mammalian species has shown that PEA production in urine is especially enhanced in carnivores, with some producing >3,000-fold more than herbivores (PMID:21690383 ). Phenethylamine has been found to be a metabolite of Bacillus, Enterococcus and Lactobacillus (PMID:22953951 ; PMID:17307265 ; PMID:16630269 ).
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
ValueSource
BenzeneethanamineChEBI
beta-AminoethylbenzeneChEBI
beta-PhenethylamineChEBI
beta-PhenylethylamineChEBI
PhenethylamineChEBI
2-PhenylethylamineKegg
b-AminoethylbenzeneGenerator
Β-aminoethylbenzeneGenerator
b-PhenethylamineGenerator
Β-phenethylamineGenerator
b-PhenylethylamineGenerator
Β-phenylethylamineGenerator
(2-Aminoethyl)benzeneHMDB
(2-Aminoethyl)polystyreneHMDB
1-Amino-2-phenylethaneHMDB
1-PhenethylamineHMDB
1-Phenyl-2-amino-athanHMDB
1-Phenyl-2-aminoethaneHMDB
1TNJHMDB
1UtmHMDB
1UtoHMDB
2-Amino-1-phenylethaneHMDB
2-Amino-fenylethanHMDB
2-FenylethylaminHMDB
2-PhenethylamineHMDB
2-Phenyl-ethanamineHMDB
2-PhenylethanamineHMDB
2-Phenylethanamine (acd/name 4.0)HMDB
2-Phenylethylamine (acd/name 4.0)HMDB
b-PhenylaethylaminHMDB
Benzeneethanamine hydrochlorideHMDB
beta PhenethylamineHMDB
beta-PhenylaethylaminHMDB
Omega-phenylethylamineHMDB
PEAHMDB
Phenethylamine hydrochlorideHMDB
Polystyrene a-NH2HMDB
Phenethylamine hydrobromideHMDB
Phenethylamine tosylateHMDB
Phenethylamine conjugate acidHMDB
Phenethylamine sulfateHMDB
Phenethylamine, monolithium saltHMDB
2-Phenylethylammonium chlorideHMDB
Phenethylamine sulfate (2:1)HMDB
Phenethylamine, 15N-labeled CPDHMDB
Phenethylamine mesylateHMDB
Phenethylamine perchlorateHMDB
Phenethylamine, beta-(14)C-labeled CPDHMDB
Diphenethylamine sulfateHMDB
Chemical FormulaC8H11N
Average Mass121.1796 Da
Monoisotopic Mass121.08915 Da
IUPAC Name2-phenylethan-1-amine
Traditional Name2-phenylethylamine
CAS Registry Number64-04-0
SMILES
NCCC1=CC=CC=C1
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C8H11N/c9-7-6-8-4-2-1-3-5-8/h1-5H,6-7,9H2
InChI KeyBHHGXPLMPWCGHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Experimental Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionDepositor EmailDepositor OrganizationDepositorDeposition DateView
Predicted Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionDepositor IDDepositor OrganizationDepositorDeposition DateView
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 25 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 252 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 50 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 75 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 101 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 126 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 151 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 176 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 201 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 226 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
Chemical Shift Submissions
Not Available
Species
Species of Origin
Species NameSourceReference
Acacia harpophyllaLOTUS Database
Acacia rigidula Benth.KNApSAcK Database
Alhagi maurorumLOTUS Database
Anas platyrhynchosFooDB
AnatidaeFooDB
Anser anserFooDB
Bison bisonFooDB
Bos taurusFooDB
Bos taurus X Bison bisonFooDB
Brassica oleracea var. capitataFooDB
Bubalus bubalisFooDB
Cannabis sativaCannabisDB
      Not Available
Capra aegagrus hircusFooDB
Caprinus atramentarius-
CervidaeFooDB
Cervus canadensisFooDB
ColumbaFooDB
ColumbidaeFooDB
Desmodium gangeticumKNApSAcK Database
Dromaius novaehollandiaeFooDB
Ephedra sinicaKNApSAcK Database
Epilachna varivestisLOTUS Database
Equus caballusFooDB
Gallus gallusFooDB
Hypholoma fasciculareLOTUS Database
Lagopus mutaFooDB
LeporidaeFooDB
Lepus timidusFooDB
Lotus corniculatusLOTUS Database
Lyallia kerguelensisKNApSAcK Database
Melanitta fuscaFooDB
Meleagris gallopavoFooDB
Mus musculusLOTUS Database
Musa sapientumKNApSAcK Database
Musa x paradisiacaFooDB
Nasturtium officinaleLOTUS Database
Nicotiana tabacumLOTUS Database
Numida meleagrisFooDB
OdocoileusFooDB
OryctolagusFooDB
Ovis ariesFooDB
PhasianidaeFooDB
Phasianus colchicusFooDB
Prosopis albaLOTUS Database
Prosopis alpatacoLOTUS Database
Prunus dulcisFooDB
Prunus dulcis var. amaraKNApSAcK Database
Psilocybe semilanceataLOTUS Database
Pyrus communisFooDB
Ramalina fraxineaLOTUS Database
Sedum meyeri-johannisLOTUS Database
Senegalia berlandieriLOTUS Database
Sida cordifoliaKNApSAcK Database
Sida rhombifoliaPlant
Spinacia oleraceaFooDB
Struthio camelusFooDB
Sus scrofaFooDB
Sus scrofa domesticaFooDB
Theobroma cacaoFooDB
    • Shmuel Yannai Dictionary of Food Compounds with CD-ROM: Additives, Flavors, and Ingredients. Chap...
Trypanosoma bruceiLOTUS Database
Turbinicarpus lophophoroidesLOTUS Database
Vachellia rigidulaLOTUS Database
Vitis viniferaLOTUS Database
Vitis vinifera L.FooDB
Species Where Detected
Species NameSourceReference
Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenesKNApSAcK Database
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenethylamines. Phenethylamines are compounds containing a phenethylamine moiety, which consists of a phenyl group substituted at the second position by an ethan-1-amine.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassBenzenoids
ClassBenzene and substituted derivatives
Sub ClassPhenethylamines
Direct ParentPhenethylamines
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Phenethylamine
  • 2-arylethylamine
  • Aralkylamine
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Primary amine
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Primary aliphatic amine
  • Amine
  • Aromatic homomonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting PointNot AvailableNot Available
Boiling Point194.00 to 195.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm HgThe Good Scents Company Information System
Water Solubility63250 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)The Good Scents Company Information System
LogP1.410The Good Scents Company Information System
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility2.19 g/LALOGPS
logP1.41ALOGPS
logP1.39ChemAxon
logS-1.7ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Basic)9.79ChemAxon
Physiological Charge1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area26.02 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count2ChemAxon
Refractivity39.29 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability14.35 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings1ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
HMDB IDHMDB0012275
DrugBank IDDB04325
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FoodDB IDFDB010580
KNApSAcK IDC00001426
Chemspider ID13856352
KEGG Compound IDC05332
BioCyc IDPHENYLETHYLAMINE
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia Link2-phenylethylamine
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound1001
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID18397
Good Scents IDrw1035561
References
General References
  1. Kusaga A, Yamashita Y, Koeda T, Hiratani M, Kaneko M, Yamada S, Matsuishi T: Increased urine phenylethylamine after methylphenidate treatment in children with ADHD. Ann Neurol. 2002 Sep;52(3):372-4. [PubMed:12205654 ]
  2. O'Reilly RL, Davis BA: Phenylethylamine and schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1994 Jan;18(1):63-75. [PubMed:7906896 ]
  3. Potkin SG, Wyatt RJ, Karoum F: Phenylethylamine (PEA) and phenylacetic acid (PAA) in the urine of chronic schizophrenic patients and controls. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1980 Jan;16(1):52-4. [PubMed:7360842 ]
  4. Ferrero DM, Lemon JK, Fluegge D, Pashkovski SL, Korzan WJ, Datta SR, Spehr M, Fendt M, Liberles SD: Detection and avoidance of a carnivore odor by prey. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Jul 5;108(27):11235-40. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1103317108. Epub 2011 Jun 20. [PubMed:21690383 ]
  5. Kim B, Byun BY, Mah JH: Biogenic amine formation and bacterial contribution in Natto products. Food Chem. 2012 Dec 1;135(3):2005-11. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.06.091. Epub 2012 Jul 3. [PubMed:22953951 ]
  6. Landete JM, Pardo I, Ferrer S: Tyramine and phenylethylamine production among lactic acid bacteria isolated from wine. Int J Food Microbiol. 2007 Apr 20;115(3):364-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.10.051. Epub 2007 Jan 18. [PubMed:17307265 ]
  7. Marcobal A, de las Rivas B, Munoz R: First genetic characterization of a bacterial beta-phenylethylamine biosynthetic enzyme in Enterococcus faecium RM58. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2006 May;258(1):144-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00206.x. [PubMed:16630269 ]