Record Information |
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Version | 2.0 |
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Created at | 2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC |
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Updated at | 2020-11-24 22:16:40 UTC |
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NP-MRD ID | NP0000585 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | None |
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Natural Product Identification |
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Common Name | N-Acetylneuraminic acid |
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Description | N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) or sialic acid is an acetyl derivative of the amino sugar neuraminic acid. It occurs in many glycoproteins, glycolipids, and polysaccharides in both mammals and bacteria. The most abundant sialic acid, NeuAc, is synthesized in vivo from N-acetylated D-mannosamine (ManNAc) or D-glucosamine (GlcNAc). NeuAc and its activated form, CMP-NeuAc, are biosynthesized in five consecutive reactions: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc) ManNAc 6-phosphate NeuAc 9-phosphate NeuAc CMP-NeuAc. CMP-NeuAc is transported into the Golgi apparatus and, with the aid of specific sialyltransferases, added onto nonreducing positions on oligosaccharide chains of glycoproteins and glycolipids. NeuAc is widely distributed throughout human tissues and found in several fluids, including serum, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, urine, amniotic fluid, and breast milk. It is found in high levels in the brain, adrenal glands, and the heart. Serum and urine levels of the free acid are elevated in individuals suffering from renal failure. Serum and saliva Neu5Ac levels are also elevated in alcoholics. A genetic disorder known as Salla disease or infantile NeuAc storage disease is also characterized by high serum and urine levels of this compound. The negative charge of is responsible for the slippery feel of saliva and mucins coating the body's organs. This particular sialic acid is known to act as a "decoy" for invading pathogens. Along with involvement in preventing infections (mucus associated with mucous membranes — mouth, nose, GI, respiratory tract), Neu5Ac acts as a receptor for influenza viruses, allowing attachment to mucous cells via hemagglutinin (an early step in acquiring influenzavirus infection). NeuAc is also becoming known as an agent necessary for mediating ganglioside distribution and structures in the brain. Sialic acid (SA) is an N-acetylated derivative of neuraminic acid that is an abundant terminal monosaccharide of glycoconjugates. Normal human serum SA is largely bound to glycoproteins or glycolipids (Total sialic acid, TSA, 1.5-2.5 Mmol/L), with small amounts of free SA (1-3 umol/L). Negatively charged SA units stabilize glycoprotein conformation in cell surface receptors to increase cell rigidity. This enables signal recognition and adhesion to ligands, antibodies, enzymes and microbes. SA residues are antigenic determinant residues in carbohydrate chains of glycolipids and glycoproteins, chemical messengers in tissue and body fluids, and may regulate glomeruli basement membrane permeability. Sialic acids are structurally unique nine-carbon keto sugars occupying the interface between the host and commensal or pathogenic microorganisms. An important function of host sialic acid is to regulate innate immunity. Sialic acid is the moiety most actively recycled for metabolic purposes in the salvage pathways in glycosphingolipid metabolism. Sialic acid is indispensable for the neuritogenic activities of gangliosides constituents which are unique in that a sialic acid directly binds to the glucose of the cerebroside, they are mutually connected in tandem, and some are located in the internal parts of the sugar chain. Sialylation (sialic acid linked to galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine, or linked to another sialic acid) represents one of the most frequently occurring terminations of the oligosaccharide chains of glycoproteins and glycolipids. The biosynthesis of the various linkages is mediated by the different members of the sialyltransferase family (PMID: 11425186 , 11287396 , 12770781 , 16624269 , 12510390 , 15007099 ). |
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Structure | [H][C@]1(O[C@@](O)(C[C@H](O)[C@H]1NC(C)=O)C(O)=O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO InChI=1S/C11H19NO9/c1-4(14)12-7-5(15)2-11(20,10(18)19)21-9(7)8(17)6(16)3-13/h5-9,13,15-17,20H,2-3H2,1H3,(H,12,14)(H,18,19)/t5-,6+,7+,8+,9+,11-/m0/s1 |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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5-N-ACETYL-BETA-D-neuraminIC ACID | ChEBI | beta-Neu5ac | ChEBI | WURCS=2.0/1,1,0/[aad21122h-2b_2-6_5*ncc/3=o]/1/ | ChEBI | 5-N-ACETYL-b-D-neuraminate | Generator | 5-N-ACETYL-b-D-neuraminic acid | Generator | 5-N-ACETYL-beta-D-neuraminate | Generator | 5-N-ACETYL-β-D-neuraminate | Generator | 5-N-ACETYL-β-D-neuraminic acid | Generator | b-Neu5ac | Generator | Β-neu5ac | Generator | N-Acetylneuraminate | Generator | 5-(Acetylamino)-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-b-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranosonate | HMDB | 5-(Acetylamino)-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-b-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranosonic acid | HMDB | 5-(Acetylamino)-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulosonate | HMDB | 5-(Acetylamino)-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulosonic acid | HMDB | 5-(Acetylamino)-3,5-dideoxy-delta-glycero-beta-delta-galacto-2-nonulopyranosonate | HMDB | 5-(Acetylamino)-3,5-dideoxy-delta-glycero-beta-delta-galacto-2-nonulopyranosonic acid | HMDB | 5-(Acetylamino)-3,5-dideoxy-delta-glycero-delta-galacto-2-nonulosonate | HMDB | 5-(Acetylamino)-3,5-dideoxy-delta-glycero-delta-galacto-2-nonulosonic acid | HMDB | 5-Acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nonulosonate | HMDB | 5-Acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nonulosonic acid | HMDB | 5-Acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-delta-glycero-delta-galacto-nonulosonate | HMDB | 5-Acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-delta-glycero-delta-galacto-nonulosonic acid | HMDB | 5-N-Acetyl-beta-delta-neuraminic acid | HMDB | 5-N-Acetyl-D-neuraminate | HMDB | 5-N-Acetyl-D-neuraminic acid | HMDB | 5-N-Acetyl-delta-neuraminate | HMDB | 5-N-Acetyl-delta-neuraminic acid | HMDB | 5-N-Acetylneuraminate | HMDB | 5-N-Acetylneuraminic acid | HMDB | Aceneuramate | HMDB | Aceneuramic acid | HMDB | Acetylneuraminate | HMDB | Acetylneuraminic acid | HMDB | b-5-Acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nonulopyranosonate | HMDB | b-5-Acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nonulopyranosonic acid | HMDB | b-Sialic acid | HMDB | beta-5-Acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-delta-glycero-delta-galacto-nonulopyranosonate | HMDB | beta-5-Acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-delta-glycero-delta-galacto-nonulopyranosonic acid | HMDB | beta-Sialic acid | HMDB | Lactaminate | HMDB | Lactaminic acid | HMDB | N-Acetyl-b-D-neuraminate | HMDB | N-Acetyl-b-D-neuraminic acid | HMDB | N-Acetyl-b-neuraminate | HMDB | N-Acetyl-beta-delta-neuraminate | HMDB | N-Acetyl-beta-delta-neuraminic acid | HMDB | N-Acetyl-beta-neuraminate | HMDB | N-Acetyl-D-neuraminate | HMDB | N-Acetyl-D-neuraminic acid | HMDB | N-Acetyl-delta-neuraminate | HMDB | N-Acetyl-delta-neuraminic acid | HMDB | N-Acetyl-neuraminate | HMDB | N-Acetyl-neuraminic acid | HMDB | N-Acetylneuramate | HMDB | N-Acetylneuramic acid | HMDB | N-Acetylsialate | HMDB | N-Acetylsialic acid | HMDB | NAN | HMDB | NANA | HMDB | Neu5ac | HMDB | Sialic acid | HMDB | Acid, sialic | HMDB | Acid, N-acetylneuraminic | HMDB | N Acetylneuraminic acid | HMDB | N-Acetyl-beta-D-neuraminic acid | HMDB | N-Acetyl-beta-neuraminic acid | HMDB | N-Acetyl-β-D-neuraminic acid | HMDB | N-Acetyl-β-neuraminic acid | HMDB | N-Acetylneuraminic acid | HMDB |
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Chemical Formula | C11H19NO9 |
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Average Mass | 309.2699 Da |
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Monoisotopic Mass | 309.10598 Da |
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IUPAC Name | (2S,4S,5R,6R)-5-acetamido-2,4-dihydroxy-6-[(1R,2R)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl]oxane-2-carboxylic acid |
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Traditional Name | β-neu5ac |
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CAS Registry Number | 131-48-6 |
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SMILES | CC(=O)N[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)C[C@](O)(O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO)C(O)=O |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C11H19NO9/c1-4(14)12-7-5(15)2-11(20,10(18)19)21-9(7)8(17)6(16)3-13/h5-9,13,15-17,20H,2-3H2,1H3,(H,12,14)(H,18,19)/t5-,6+,7+,8+,9+,11-/m0/s1 |
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InChI Key | SQVRNKJHWKZAKO-PFQGKNLYSA-N |
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Experimental Spectra |
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| Spectrum Type | Description | Depositor Email | Depositor Organization | Depositor | Deposition Date | View |
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1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 2D NMR | [1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum |
| Predicted Spectra |
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| Not Available | Chemical Shift Submissions |
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| Not Available | Species |
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Species of Origin | |
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Species Where Detected | |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as n-acylneuraminic acids. These are neuraminic acids carrying an N-acyl substituent. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Organic oxygen compounds |
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Class | Organooxygen compounds |
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Sub Class | Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates |
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Direct Parent | N-acylneuraminic acids |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - N-acylneuraminic acid
- Neuraminic acid
- C-glucuronide
- C-glycosyl compound
- Glycosyl compound
- Alpha-hydroxy acid
- Pyran
- Hydroxy acid
- Oxane
- Acetamide
- Carboxamide group
- Hemiacetal
- Secondary carboxylic acid amide
- Secondary alcohol
- Carboxylic acid derivative
- Carboxylic acid
- Oxacycle
- Organoheterocyclic compound
- Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
- Polyol
- Alcohol
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organic nitrogen compound
- Organopnictogen compound
- Primary alcohol
- Organic oxide
- Carbonyl group
- Organonitrogen compound
- Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | 186 °C | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | Not Available | Not Available | LogP | Not Available | Not Available |
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Predicted Properties | |
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General References | - Weiss P, Tietze F, Gahl WA, Seppala R, Ashwell G: Identification of the metabolic defect in sialuria. J Biol Chem. 1989 Oct 25;264(30):17635-6. [PubMed:2808337 ]
- Domschke W, Lux G, Domschke S: Furan H2-antagonist ranitidine inhibits pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion stronger than cimetidine. Gastroenterology. 1980 Dec;79(6):1267-71. [PubMed:6108279 ]
- Bosmann HB: Platelet adhesiveness and aggregation. II. Surface sialic acid, glycoprotein: N-acetylneuraminic acid transferase, and neuraminidase of human blood platelets. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1972 Oct 25;279(3):456-74. [PubMed:5082512 ]
- Rack J, Sonnenberg A: The influence of smoking and intravenous nicotine on gastric mucus. Hepatogastroenterology. 1983 Dec;30(6):258-60. [PubMed:6676147 ]
- Bell JD, Brown JC, Nicholson JK, Sadler PJ: Assignment of resonances for 'acute-phase' glycoproteins in high resolution proton NMR spectra of human blood plasma. FEBS Lett. 1987 May 11;215(2):311-5. [PubMed:2438159 ]
- Brusque A, Rotta L, Pettenuzzo LF, Junqueira D, Schwarzbold CV, Wyse AT, Wannmacher CM, Dutra-Filho CS, Wajner M: Chronic postnatal administration of methylmalonic acid provokes a decrease of myelin content and ganglioside N-acetylneuraminic acid concentration in cerebrum of young rats. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2001 Feb;34(2):227-31. [PubMed:11175498 ]
- Seppala R, Renlund M, Bernardini I, Tietze F, Gahl WA: Renal handling of free sialic acid in normal humans and patients with Salla disease or renal disease. Lab Invest. 1990 Aug;63(2):197-203. [PubMed:2381164 ]
- Loomis RE, Prakobphol A, Levine MJ, Reddy MS, Jones PC: Biochemical and biophysical comparison of two mucins from human submandibular-sublingual saliva. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1987 Nov 1;258(2):452-64. [PubMed:3674885 ]
- Nakata D, Munster AK, Gerardy-Schahn R, Aoki N, Matsuda T, Kitajima K: Molecular cloning of a unique CMP-sialic acid synthetase that effectively utilizes both deaminoneuraminic acid (KDN) and N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) as substrates. Glycobiology. 2001 Aug;11(8):685-92. [PubMed:11479279 ]
- Suzuki M, Suzuki A, Yamakawa T, Matsunaga E: Characterization of 2,7-anhydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid in human wet cerumen. J Biochem. 1985 Feb;97(2):509-15. [PubMed:4008466 ]
- Baumkotter J, Cantz M, Mendla K, Baumann W, Friebolin H, Gehler J, Spranger J: N-Acetylneuraminic acid storage disease. Hum Genet. 1985;71(2):155-9. [PubMed:4043964 ]
- McGee DJ, Rest RF: Regulation of gonococcal sialyltransferase, lipooligosaccharide, and serum resistance by glucose, pyruvate, and lactate. Infect Immun. 1996 Nov;64(11):4630-7. [PubMed:8890217 ]
- Sonnenberg A, Steinkamp U, Weise A, Berges W, Wienbeck M, Rohner HG, Peter P: Salivary secretion in reflux esophagitis. Gastroenterology. 1982 Oct;83(4):889-95. [PubMed:7106518 ]
- Riebe D, Thorn W: Influence of carbohydrate moieties of human serum transferrin on the determination of its molecular mass by polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis and staining with periodic acid-Schiff reagent. Electrophoresis. 1991 Apr;12(4):287-93. [PubMed:2070783 ]
- Watzlawick H, Walsh MT, Ehrhard I, Slayter HS, Haupt H, Schwick HG, Jourdian GW, Hase S, Schmid K, Brossmer R: The effect of the carbohydrate moiety upon the size and conformation of human plasma galactoglycoprotein as judged by electron microscopy and circular dichroism. Structural studies of a glycoprotein after stepwise enzymic carbohydrate removal. Biochem J. 1991 Aug 1;277 ( Pt 3):753-8. [PubMed:1872812 ]
- Gopaul KP, Crook MA: Sialic acid: a novel marker of cardiovascular disease? Clin Biochem. 2006 Jul;39(7):667-81. Epub 2006 Apr 19. [PubMed:16624269 ]
- Dall'Olio F: The sialyl-alpha2,6-lactosaminyl-structure: biosynthesis and functional role. Glycoconj J. 2000 Oct;17(10):669-76. [PubMed:11425186 ]
- Keppler OT, Horstkorte R, Pawlita M, Schmidt C, Reutter W: Biochemical engineering of the N-acyl side chain of sialic acid: biological implications. Glycobiology. 2001 Feb;11(2):11R-18R. [PubMed:11287396 ]
- Tettamanti G, Bassi R, Viani P, Riboni L: Salvage pathways in glycosphingolipid metabolism. Biochimie. 2003 Mar-Apr;85(3-4):423-37. [PubMed:12770781 ]
- Yamada K: [Chemo-pharmaceutical studies on the glycosphingolipid constituents from echinoderm, sea cucumbers, as the medicinal materials]. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2002 Dec;122(12):1133-43. [PubMed:12510390 ]
- Vimr ER, Kalivoda KA, Deszo EL, Steenbergen SM: Diversity of microbial sialic acid metabolism. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2004 Mar;68(1):132-53. [PubMed:15007099 ]
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