Np mrd loader

Record Information
Version1.0
Created at2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
Updated at2021-10-07 20:39:22 UTC
NP-MRD IDNP0000552
Secondary Accession NumbersNone
Natural Product Identification
Common NameTestosterone
DescriptionTestosterone is the primary male sex hormone and anabolic steroid from the androstane class of steroids. It is the most important androgen in potency and quantity for vertebrates. In humans, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair. In addition, testosterone is involved in health and well-being, and the prevention of osteoporosis. Testosterone exerts its action through binding to and activation of the androgen receptor. In mammals, testosterone is metabolized mainly in the liver. Approximately 50% of testosterone is metabolized via conjugation into testosterone glucuronide and to a lesser extent testosterone sulfate by glucuronosyltransferases and sulfotransferases. An additional 40% of testosterone is metabolized in equal proportions into the 17-ketosteroids androsterone and etiocholanolone via the combined actions of 5alpha- and 5beta-reductases, 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and 17beta-HSD. Like other steroid hormones, testosterone is derived from cholesterol. The first step in the biosynthesis of testosterone involves the oxidative cleavage of the side-chain of cholesterol by the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc, CYP11A1) to give pregnenolone. In the next step, two additional carbon atoms are removed by the CYP17A1 (17alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase) enzyme to yield a variety of C19 steroids. In addition, the 3beta-hydroxyl group is oxidized by 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase to produce androstenedione. In the final and rate limiting step, the C17 keto group androstenedione is reduced by 17beta-hydroxysteroid hydrogenase to yield testosterone. Testosterone is synthesized and released by the Leydig cells in the testes that lie between the tubules and comprise less than 5% of the total testicular volume. Testosterone diffuses into the seminiferous tubules where it is essential for maintaining spermatogenesis. Some testosterone binds to an androgen-binding protein (ABP) that is produced by the Sertoli cells and is homologous to the sex-hormone binding globulin that transports testosterone in the general circulation. The ABP carries testosterone in the testicular fluid where it maintains the activity of the accessory sex glands and may also help to retain testosterone within the tubule and bind excess free hormone. Some testosterone is converted to estradiol by Sertoli cell-derived aromatase enzyme. Leydig cell steroidogenesis is controlled primarily by luteinizing hormone with negative feedback of testosterone on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. The requirement of spermatogenesis for high local concentrations of testosterone means that loss of androgen production is likely to be accompanied by loss of spermatogenesis. Indeed, if testicular androgen production is inhibited by the administration of exogenous androgens then spermatogenesis ceases. This is the basis of using exogenous testosterone as a male contraceptive. The largest amounts of testosterone (>95%) are produced by the testes in men, while the adrenal glands account for most of the remainder. Testosterone is also synthesized in far smaller total quantities in women by the adrenal glands, thecal cells of the ovaries, and, during pregnancy, by the placenta. Testosterone levels fall by about 1% each year in men. Therefore, with increasing longevity and the aging of the population, the number of older men with testosterone deficiency will increase substantially over the next several decades. Serum testosterone levels decrease progressively in aging men, but the rate and magnitude of decrease vary considerably. Approximately 1% of healthy young men have total serum testosterone levels below normal; in contrast, approximately 20% of healthy men over age 60 years have serum testosterone levels below normal. (PMID: 17904450 , 17875487 ).
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
ValueSource
17beta-Hydroxy-4-androsten-3-oneChEBI
4-Androsten-17beta-ol-3-oneChEBI
AndrodermChEBI
TestosteronChEBI
TestosteronaChEBI
TestosteronumChEBI
AndrogelKegg
AxironKegg
StriantKegg
TestimKegg
17b-Hydroxy-4-androsten-3-oneGenerator
17Β-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-oneGenerator
4-Androsten-17b-ol-3-oneGenerator
4-Androsten-17β-ol-3-oneGenerator
(+)-TestosteroneHMDB
(+-)-8-Iso-testosteroneHMDB
(+-)-RetrotestosteroneHMDB
(+-)-TestosteroneHMDB
(17b)-17-Hydroxy-androst-4-en-3-oneHMDB
13-Iso-testosteroneHMDB
17-Hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-oneHMDB
17-Hydroxy-androst-4-en-3-oneHMDB
17-Hydroxy-D4-androsten-3-oneHMDB
17a-Hydroxy-(13a)-androst-4-en-3-oneHMDB
17a-Hydroxy-13a-androst-4-en-3-oneHMDB
17a-Hydroxy-14b-androst-4-en-3-oneHMDB
17a-Hydroxy-androst-4-en-3-oneHMDB
17b-Hydroxy-(10a)-androst-4-en-3-oneHMDB
17b-Hydroxy-(13a)-androst-4-en-3-oneHMDB
17b-Hydroxy-(8a)-androst-4-en-3-oneHMDB
17b-Hydroxy-(8a,10a)-androst-4-en-3-oneHMDB
17b-Hydroxy-(9b)-androst-4-en-3-oneHMDB
17b-Hydroxy-(9b,10a)-androst-4-en-3-oneHMDB
17b-Hydroxy-13a-androst-4-en-3-oneHMDB
17b-Hydroxy-8a-androst-4-en-3-oneHMDB
17b-Hydroxy-androst-4-en-3-ONHMDB
17b-Hydroxy-androst-4-en-3-oneHMDB
17b-Hydroxy-D4-androsten-3-oneHMDB
17b-Hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-oneHMDB
17b-Hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3-oneHMDB
17b-TestosteroneHMDB
4-Androsten-3-one-17b-olHMDB
8-Iso-testosteroneHMDB
9b,10a-TestosteroneHMDB
9b-TestosteroneHMDB
AndrolinHMDB
AndronaqHMDB
AndropatchHMDB
Androst-4-en-17b-ol-3-oneHMDB
Androst-4-ene-17b-ol-3-oneHMDB
AndrusolHMDB
Cristerona THMDB
D4-Androsten-17b-ol-3-oneHMDB
EpitestosteronHMDB
Geno-cristaux gremyHMDB
HomosteronHMDB
HomosteroneHMDB
LumitestosteronHMDB
MertestateHMDB
NeotestisHMDB
OretonHMDB
OrquisteronHMDB
PerandrenHMDB
Percutacrine androgeniqueHMDB
PrimotestHMDB
PrimotestonHMDB
rac-17b-Hydroxy-(13a)androst-4-en-3-oneHMDB
rac-17b-Hydroxy-(8a)-androst-4-en-3-oneHMDB
rac-17b-Hydroxy-(9b,10a)androst-4-en-3-oneHMDB
rac-17b-Hydroxy-androst-4-en-3-oneHMDB
RelibraHMDB
RetrotestosteroneHMDB
SustanonHMDB
SustanoneHMDB
Sustason 250HMDB
Synandrol FHMDB
TeslenHMDB
TestandroneHMDB
TesticulosteroneHMDB
TestobaseHMDB
TestodermHMDB
TestogelHMDB
TestolentHMDB
TestolinHMDB
TestoproponHMDB
TestosteroidHMDB
Testoviron scheringHMDB
Testoviron THMDB
Testro aqHMDB
TestroneHMDB
TestrylHMDB
TostrelleHMDB
TostrexHMDB
ViatrelHMDB
VirormoneHMDB
VirosteroneHMDB
AndrotopHMDB
CEPA brand OF testosteroneHMDB
HisteroneHMDB
SmithKline beecham brand OF testosteroneHMDB
Solvay brand OF testosteroneHMDB
SterotateHMDB
17-beta-Hydroxy-8 alpha-4-androsten-3-oneHMDB
AstraZeneca brand OF testosteroneHMDB
Bartor brand OF testosteroneHMDB
Dr. kade brand OF testosteroneHMDB
Ferring brand OF testosteroneHMDB
Hauck brand OF testosteroneHMDB
Pasadena brand OF testosteroneHMDB
Testosterone sulfateHMDB
Ulmer brand OF testosteroneHMDB
Unimed brand OF testosteroneHMDB
Watson brand OF testosteroneHMDB
17-beta-Hydroxy-4-androsten-3-oneHMDB
8 IsotestosteroneHMDB
8-IsotestosteroneHMDB
Auxilium pharmaceuticals inc. brand OF testosteroneHMDB
Faulding brand OF testosteroneHMDB
Paladin brand OF testosteroneHMDB
Schering brand OF testosteroneHMDB
17 beta Hydroxy 4 androsten 3 oneHMDB
17 beta Hydroxy 8 alpha 4 androsten 3 oneHMDB
GlaxoSmithKline brand OF testosteroneHMDB
Ortho brand OF testosteroneHMDB
TestopelHMDB
Chemical FormulaC19H28O2
Average Mass288.4244 Da
Monoisotopic Mass288.20893 Da
IUPAC Name(1S,2R,10R,11S,14S,15S)-14-hydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadec-6-en-5-one
Traditional Name(1S,2R,10R,11S,14S,15S)-14-hydroxy-2,15-dimethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadec-6-en-5-one
CAS Registry Number58-22-0
SMILES
[H][C@@]12CC[C@H](O)[C@@]1(C)CC[C@@]1([H])[C@@]2([H])CCC2=CC(=O)CC[C@]12C
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C19H28O2/c1-18-9-7-13(20)11-12(18)3-4-14-15-5-6-17(21)19(15,2)10-8-16(14)18/h11,14-17,21H,3-10H2,1-2H3/t14-,15-,16-,17-,18-,19-/m0/s1
InChI KeyMUMGGOZAMZWBJJ-DYKIIFRCSA-N
Experimental Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionDepositor EmailDepositor OrganizationDepositorDeposition DateView
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, CDCl3, experimental)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
2D NMR[1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, CDCl3, experimental)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
Predicted Spectra
Not Available
Chemical Shift Submissions
Not Available
Species
Species of Origin
Species NameSourceReference
Anas platyrhynchosFooDB
AnatidaeFooDB
Anser anserFooDB
Bison bisonFooDB
Bos taurusFooDB
Bos taurus X Bison bisonFooDB
Botrytis cinerea-
Bubalus bubalisFooDB
Capra aegagrus hircusFooDB
CervidaeFooDB
Cervus canadensisFooDB
ColumbaFooDB
ColumbidaeFooDB
Curvularia lunataLOTUS Database
Daphnia magnaLOTUS Database
Dromaius novaehollandiaeFooDB
Equus caballusFooDB
Gallus gallusFooDB
Homo sapiensLOTUS Database
Ilybius fenestratusLOTUS Database
Lagopus mutaFooDB
LeporidaeFooDB
Lepus timidusFooDB
Locusta migratoriaLOTUS Database
Melanitta fuscaFooDB
Meleagris gallopavoFooDB
Moschus moschiferus-
Mus musculusLOTUS Database
Numida meleagrisFooDB
OdocoileusFooDB
OryctolagusFooDB
Ovis ariesFooDB
PhasianidaeFooDB
Phasianus colchicusFooDB
Pinus sylvestrisKNApSAcK Database
Punica granatumKNApSAcK Database
Struthio camelusFooDB
Sus scrofaFooDB
Sus scrofa domesticaFooDB
Vitex agnus-castusLOTUS Database
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as androgens and derivatives. These are 3-hydroxylated C19 steroid hormones. They are known to favor the development of masculine characteristics. They also show profound effects on scalp and body hair in humans.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassLipids and lipid-like molecules
ClassSteroids and steroid derivatives
Sub ClassAndrostane steroids
Direct ParentAndrogens and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Androgen-skeleton
  • 3-oxo-delta-4-steroid
  • 3-oxosteroid
  • Hydroxysteroid
  • Oxosteroid
  • 17-hydroxysteroid
  • Delta-4-steroid
  • Cyclohexenone
  • Cyclic alcohol
  • Secondary alcohol
  • Ketone
  • Cyclic ketone
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Alcohol
  • Carbonyl group
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic oxide
  • Aliphatic homopolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic homopolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point155 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility0.023 mg/mLNot Available
LogP3.32Hansch CH, Leo A and Hoekman DH. "Exploring QSAR: Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constraints. Volume 1" ACS Publications (1995).
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.033 g/LALOGPS
logP2.99ALOGPS
logP3.37ChemAxon
logS-3.9ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)19.09ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-0.88ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count2ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area37.3 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count0ChemAxon
Refractivity84.43 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability33.88 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings4ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
HMDB IDHMDB0000234
DrugBank IDDB00624
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FoodDB IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDC00003675
Chemspider ID5791
KEGG Compound IDC00535
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkTestosterone
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound6013
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID17347
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
General References
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  2. Cutolo M, Sulli A, Capellino S, Villaggio B, Montagna P, Pizzorni C, Paolino S, Seriolo B, Felli L, Straub RH: Anti-TNF and sex hormones. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Jun;1069:391-400. [PubMed:16855166 ]
  3. Schwarz S, Pohl P: Steroid hormones and steroid hormone binding globulins in cerebrospinal fluid studied in individuals with intact and with disturbed blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Neuroendocrinology. 1992 Feb;55(2):174-82. [PubMed:1620285 ]
  4. Schaap LA, Pluijm SM, Smit JH, van Schoor NM, Visser M, Gooren LJ, Lips P: The association of sex hormone levels with poor mobility, low muscle strength and incidence of falls among older men and women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005 Aug;63(2):152-60. [PubMed:16060908 ]
  5. Archer JS, Love-Geffen TE, Herbst-Damm KL, Swinney DA, Chang JR: Effect of estradiol versus estradiol and testosterone on brain-activation patterns in postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2006 May-Jun;13(3):528-37. [PubMed:16735951 ]
  6. Handelsman DJ: Clinical review: The rationale for banning human chorionic gonadotropin and estrogen blockers in sport. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 May;91(5):1646-53. Epub 2006 Feb 14. [PubMed:16478815 ]
  7. Duschek EJ, Gooren LJ, Netelenbos C: Comparison of effects of the rise in serum testosterone by raloxifene and oral testosterone on serum insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3. Maturitas. 2005 Jul 16;51(3):286-93. [PubMed:15978972 ]
  8. Huang I, Jones J, Khorram O: Human seminal plasma nitric oxide: correlation with sperm morphology and testosterone. Med Sci Monit. 2006 Mar;12(3):CR103-6. Epub 2006 Feb 23. [PubMed:16501419 ]
  9. Hussein A, Ozgok Y, Ross L, Niederberger C: Clomiphene administration for cases of nonobstructive azoospermia: a multicenter study. J Androl. 2005 Nov-Dec;26(6):787-91; discussion 792-3. [PubMed:16291975 ]
  10. Ahtiainen JP, Pakarinen A, Alen M, Kraemer WJ, Hakkinen K: Short vs. long rest period between the sets in hypertrophic resistance training: influence on muscle strength, size, and hormonal adaptations in trained men. J Strength Cond Res. 2005 Aug;19(3):572-82. [PubMed:16095405 ]
  11. Landman AD, Sanford LM, Howland BE, Dawes C, Pritchard ET: Testosterone in human saliva. Experientia. 1976;32(7):940-1. [PubMed:954994 ]
  12. Knickmeyer RC, Wheelwright S, Taylor K, Raggatt P, Hackett G, Baron-Cohen S: Gender-typed play and amniotic testosterone. Dev Psychol. 2005 May;41(3):517-28. [PubMed:15910159 ]
  13. Fejes I, Koloszar S, Szollosi J, Zavaczki Z, Pal A: Is semen quality affected by male body fat distribution? Andrologia. 2005 Oct;37(5):155-9. [PubMed:16266392 ]
  14. Jarow JP, Zirkin BR: The androgen microenvironment of the human testis and hormonal control of spermatogenesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005 Dec;1061:208-20. [PubMed:16467270 ]
  15. Rovensky J, Radikova Z, Imrich R, Greguska O, Vigas M, Macho L: Gonadal and adrenal steroid hormones in plasma and synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Endocr Regul. 2004 Dec;38(4):143-9. [PubMed:15841793 ]
  16. Klimek M, Pabian W, Tomaszewska B, Kolodziejczyk J: Levels of plasma ACTH in men from infertile couples. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2005 Aug;26(4):347-50. [PubMed:16136011 ]
  17. Shores MM, Matsumoto AM, Sloan KL, Kivlahan DR: Low serum testosterone and mortality in male veterans. Arch Intern Med. 2006 Aug 14-28;166(15):1660-5. [PubMed:16908801 ]
  18. Bhasin S, Cunningham GR, Hayes FJ, Matsumoto AM, Snyder PJ, Swerdloff RS, Montori VM: Testosterone therapy in adult men with androgen deficiency syndromes: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jun;91(6):1995-2010. Epub 2006 May 23. [PubMed:16720669 ]
  19. Jarow JP, Wright WW, Brown TR, Yan X, Zirkin BR: Bioactivity of androgens within the testes and serum of normal men. J Androl. 2005 May-Jun;26(3):343-8. [PubMed:15867001 ]
  20. Bridger T, MacDonald S, Baltzer F, Rodd C: Randomized placebo-controlled trial of metformin for adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006 Mar;160(3):241-6. [PubMed:16520442 ]
  21. Kazi M, Geraci SA, Koch CA: Considerations for the diagnosis and treatment of testosterone deficiency in elderly men. Am J Med. 2007 Oct;120(10):835-40. [PubMed:17904450 ]
  22. Krone N, Hanley NA, Arlt W: Age-specific changes in sex steroid biosynthesis and sex development. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Sep;21(3):393-401. [PubMed:17875487 ]
  23. Authors unspecified: Contraceptive efficacy of testosterone-induced azoospermia in normal men. World Health Organization Task Force on methods for the regulation of male fertility. Lancet. 1990 Oct 20;336(8721):955-9. [PubMed:1977002 ]
  24. Hoberman JM, Yesalis CE: The history of synthetic testosterone. Sci Am. 1995 Feb;272(2):76-81. [PubMed:7817189 ]
  25. Freeman ER, Bloom DA, McGuire EJ: A brief history of testosterone. J Urol. 2001 Feb;165(2):371-3. [PubMed:11176375 ]