Record Information |
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Version | 2.0 |
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Created at | 2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC |
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Updated at | 2024-09-17 15:42:06 UTC |
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NP-MRD ID | NP0000533 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | None |
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Natural Product Identification |
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Common Name | Heparin |
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Description | Heparin is a highly acidic heterogeneous mucopolysaccharide consisting of a variably sulfated repeating disaccharide unit. The most common repeating unit is a trisulfated disaccharide composed of a 2-O-sulfated iduronic acid and 6-O-sulfated, N-sulfated glucosamine, IdoA(2S)-GlcNS(6S). Heparin is formed from equal parts sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lungs, and mast cells of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting, in vivo and in vitro, in the form of many different salts. Enoxaparin is a low molecular weight heparin. It is used to prevent and treat deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, and is given as a subcutaneous injection. Enoxaparin binds to and accelerates the activity of antithrombin III. By activating antithrombin III, enoxaparin preferentially potentiates the inhibition of coagulation factors Xa and IIa. Factor Xa catalyzes the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, so enoxaparin's inhibition of this process results in decreased thrombin and ultimately the prevention of fibrin clot formation. Low molecular weight heparins are less effective at inactivating factor IIa due to their shorter length compared to unfractionated heparin. |
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Structure | [H]O[C@H]1O[C@H](COS(O)(=O)=O)[C@@H](O[C@@H]2O[C@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]2OS(O)(=O)=O)C(O)=O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1NS(O)(=O)=O InChI=1S/C12H21NO20S3/c14-4-3(13-34(20,21)22)11(19)30-2(1-29-35(23,24)25)7(4)31-12-9(33-36(26,27)28)6(16)5(15)8(32-12)10(17)18/h2-9,11-16,19H,1H2,(H,17,18)(H,20,21,22)(H,23,24,25)(H,26,27,28)/t2-,3-,4-,5+,6+,7-,8-,9-,11+,12-/m1/s1 |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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alpha-Heparin | HMDB | Clivarine | HMDB | Heparin sodium | HMDB | Arteven | HMDB | Bemiparin | HMDB | Certoparin | HMDB | Clexane | HMDB | Dalteparin | HMDB | Enoxaparin | HMDB | Eparina | HMDB | Fraxiparin | HMDB | Heparin sulfate | HMDB | Heparin sulphate | HMDB | Heparinate | HMDB | Heparinic acid | HMDB | Heparinsodiumsalt | HMDB | Thromboliquine | HMDB |
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Chemical Formula | (C12H19NO19S3)nH2O |
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Average Mass | Not Available |
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Monoisotopic Mass | Not Available |
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IUPAC Name | Not Available |
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Traditional Name | Not Available |
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CAS Registry Number | 9005-49-6 |
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SMILES | [H]O[C@H]1O[C@H](COS(O)(=O)=O)[C@@H](O[C@@H]2O[C@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]2OS(O)(=O)=O)C(O)=O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1NS(O)(=O)=O |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C12H21NO20S3/c14-4-3(13-34(20,21)22)11(19)30-2(1-29-35(23,24)25)7(4)31-12-9(33-36(26,27)28)6(16)5(15)8(32-12)10(17)18/h2-9,11-16,19H,1H2,(H,17,18)(H,20,21,22)(H,23,24,25)(H,26,27,28)/t2-,3-,4-,5+,6+,7-,8-,9-,11+,12-/m1/s1 |
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InChI Key | OHJKXVLJWUPWQG-PNRHKHKDSA-N |
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Experimental Spectra |
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| Spectrum Type | Description | Depositor Email | Depositor Organization | Depositor | Deposition Date | View |
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2D NMR | [1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum |
| Predicted Spectra |
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| Spectrum Type | Description | Depositor ID | Depositor Organization | Depositor | Deposition Date | View |
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1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 25 MHz, D2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 252 MHz, D2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 50 MHz, D2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 75 MHz, D2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 101 MHz, D2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 126 MHz, D2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 151 MHz, D2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 176 MHz, D2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 201 MHz, D2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 226 MHz, D2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum |
| Chemical Shift Submissions |
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| Not Available | Species |
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Species of Origin | |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as disaccharide sulfates. These are disaccharides carrying one or more sulfate group on a sugar unit. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Organic oxygen compounds |
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Class | Organooxygen compounds |
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Sub Class | Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates |
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Direct Parent | Disaccharide sulfates |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Disaccharide sulfate
- 1-o-glucuronide
- O-glucuronide
- Glucuronic acid or derivatives
- Glycosyl compound
- O-glycosyl compound
- Beta-hydroxy acid
- Hydroxy acid
- Sulfuric acid monoamide
- Oxane
- Pyran
- Sulfuric acid monoester
- Sulfate-ester
- Sulfuric acid ester
- Alkyl sulfate
- Organic sulfuric acid or derivatives
- Hemiacetal
- Secondary alcohol
- Carboxylic acid
- Organoheterocyclic compound
- Oxacycle
- Carboxylic acid derivative
- Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
- Acetal
- Organopnictogen compound
- Organonitrogen compound
- Organic nitrogen compound
- Organic oxide
- Carbonyl group
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Alcohol
- Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | Not Available |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | Not Available | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | 10.8 g/L | Not Available | LogP | -13.2 | Not Available |
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Predicted Properties | |
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General References | - Brunnee T, Reddigari SR, Shibayama Y, Kaplan AP, Silverberg M: Mast cell derived heparin activates the contact system: a link to kinin generation in allergic reactions. Clin Exp Allergy. 1997 Jun;27(6):653-63. [PubMed:9208186 ]
- Betz G, Nowbakht P, Imboden R, Imanidis G: Heparin penetration into and permeation through human skin from aqueous and liposomal formulations in vitro. Int J Pharm. 2001 Oct 9;228(1-2):147-59. [PubMed:11576777 ]
- Sun Y, Chai TC: Effects of dimethyl sulphoxide and heparin on stretch-activated ATP release by bladder urothelial cells from patients with interstitial cystitis. BJU Int. 2002 Sep;90(4):381-5. [PubMed:12175393 ]
- Kandrotas RJ: Heparin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1992 May;22(5):359-74. [PubMed:1505142 ]
- Delhumeau A, Moreau X, Chapotte C, Houi N, Bigorgne JC: Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia syndrome: an underestimated etiology of adrenal hemorrhage. Intensive Care Med. 1993;19(8):475-7. [PubMed:8294632 ]
- Lortat-Jacob H, Brisson C, Guerret S, Morel G: Non-receptor-mediated tissue localization of human interferon-gamma: role of heparan sulfate/heparin-like molecules. Cytokine. 1996 Jul;8(7):557-66. [PubMed:8891437 ]
- Harig F, Meier C, Hakami L, Strasser R, Bretzger J, Munch F, Vestweber-Wilmes E, Singer H, Weyand M, Cesnjevar R: Does the additional use of heparin-coated extracorporeal circuits (ECC) optimize the effect of modified ultrafiltration (MUF) in pediatric perfusion? Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006 Apr;54(3):168-72. [PubMed:16639677 ]
- Tonda R, Galan AM, Pino M, Hernandez MR, Ayats C, Pomar JL, Ordinas A, Escolar G: In vitro evaluation of platelet reactivity toward annuloplasty devices treated with heparin coating: studies under flow conditions. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2005 Oct 1;75(1):192-8. [PubMed:16044416 ]
- Haram K, Bjorge L, Sandset PM: Successful preconceptional prophylactic treatment with combined acetyl salicylic acid and low-molecular heparin (Fragmin) in a case of antiphospholipid-antibody syndrome with prior life-threatening hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low-platelet syndrome: a case report. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2005 Dec;84(12):1213-4. [PubMed:16305714 ]
- Harding SA, Din JN, Sarma J, Josephs DH, Fox KA, Newby DE: Promotion of proinflammatory interactions between platelets and monocytes by unfractionated heparin. Heart. 2006 Nov;92(11):1635-8. Epub 2006 May 18. [PubMed:16709700 ]
- Christensen K, Larsson R, Emanuelsson H, Elgue G, Larsson A: Effects on blood compatibility in vitro by combining a direct P2Y12 receptor inhibitor and heparin coating of stents. Platelets. 2006 Aug;17(5):318-27. [PubMed:16928604 ]
- Applebaum DM, Goldberg AP, Pykalisto OJ, Brunzell JD, Hazzard WR: Effect of estrogen on post-heparin lipolytic activity. Selective decline in hepatic triglyceride lipase. J Clin Invest. 1977 Apr;59(4):601-8. [PubMed:845252 ]
- Yeh RW, Everett BM, Foo SY, Dorer DJ, Laposata M, Van Cott EM, Jang IK: Predictors for the development of elevated anti-heparin/platelet factor 4 antibody titers in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. Am J Cardiol. 2006 Aug 1;98(3):419-21. Epub 2006 Jun 12. [PubMed:16860036 ]
- Harel A, Fainaru M, Rubinstein M, Tal N, Schwartz M: Fish apolipoprotein-A-I has heparin binding activity: implication for nerve regeneration. J Neurochem. 1990 Oct;55(4):1237-43. [PubMed:2118944 ]
- Bengtsson E, Aspberg A, Heinegard D, Sommarin Y, Spillmann D: The amino-terminal part of PRELP binds to heparin and heparan sulfate. J Biol Chem. 2000 Dec 29;275(52):40695-702. [PubMed:11007795 ]
- Weaver JC, Vanbever R, Vaughan TE, Prausnitz MR: Heparin alters transdermal transport associated with electroporation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997 May 29;234(3):637-40. [PubMed:9175766 ]
- Williams MS, Ng'alla LS: Heparin therapy leads to platelet activation and prolongation of PFA-100 closure time. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2005 Dec;10(4):273-80. [PubMed:16382263 ]
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