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Showing NP-Card for Indole-3-propionic acid (NP0000531)

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Record Information
Version2.0
Created at2006-05-22 14:17:47 UTC
Updated at2024-09-03 04:22:19 UTC
NP-MRD IDNP0000531
Natural Product DOIhttps://doi.org/10.57994/2819
Secondary Accession NumbersNone
Natural Product Identification
Common NameIndole-3-propionic acid
DescriptionIndole-3-propionic acid (IPA, indole-3-propionate, or indole propionic acid), is a reductive product of tryptophan formed by bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals and birds (PMID: 29168502 ). It is endogenously produced by human microbiota and has only been detected in vivo (PMID: 19234110 ). While many microbial metabolites produced in the gut are toxic or act as uremic toxins (when they are reabsorbed through the gut epithelia), indole-3-propionic acid is a very beneficial microbial metabolite (PMID: 30914514 , 30862081 , 29238104 ). In limited studies, urinary IPA correlates positively with disease and it remains unclear if this represents host bacteria responding to pathology via the production of IPA, or intestinal permeability changes leading to higher absorption and excretion of IPA, or inflammatory changes within kidneys leading to high excretion of IPA (PMID: 32132996 ). Indole-3-propionic acid is a remarkably strong antioxidant (PMID: 10721080 ). It is an even more potent scavenger of hydroxyl radicals than melatonin, the most potent scavenger of hydroxyl radicals synthesized by the human body. Similar to melatonin but unlike other antioxidants, indole-3-propionic acid scavenges radicals without subsequently generating reactive and pro-oxidant intermediate compounds (PMID: 9928448 , 10419516 ). Indole-3-propionic acid has been shown to prevent oxidative stress and the death of primary neurons and neuroblastoma cells exposed to the amyloid beta-protein in the form of amyloid fibrils, one of the most prominent neuropathologic features of Alzheimer's disease. 3-Indolepropionic acid also shows a strong level of neuroprotection in two other paradigms of oxidative stress. (PMID 10419516 ) More recently it has been found that higher indole-3-propionic acid levels in serum/plasma are associated with a reduced likelihood of type 2 diabetes and with higher levels of consumption of fibre-rich foods (PMID: 28397877 ). Studies have shown that serum levels of indole-3-propionic acid are positively correlated with dietary fibre intake and negatively correlated with C-reactive protein levels (PMID: 29795366 ). Indole-3-propionic acid is a marker for the presence of Clostridium sporogenes in the gut. Higher levels are associated with higher levels of Clostridium sporogenes (PMID: 7378938 ). In addition to its useful physiological role in mammals, indole-3-propionic acid is a plant hormone with functions similar to indole-3-acetic acid (or IAA), the major plant auxin. Recent studies have shed some light on additional mechanisms of action of IPA. In the intestine, IPA could serve as a ligand to an adopted orphan nuclear receptor, Pregnane X receptor (PXR) and act as an anti-inflammatory agent (PMID: 25065623 ). This property has allowed investigators to develop more potent analogs targeting PXR (PMID: 32153125 ). Other tissues may also be targeted by IPA in a similar manner (PMID: 31211619 ).
Structure
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MOL3D MOLSDF3D SDFPDB3D PDBSMILESInChI

MOL for NP0000531 (Indole-3-propionic acid)


  Mrv1652302242018262D          

 14 15  0  0  0  0            999 V2000
 9997.0764 9999.4249    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9996.8215 9998.6402    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9997.3735 9998.0272    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9998.1805 9998.1986    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9998.295810000.3109    0.0000 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9997.8834 9999.5964    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9998.4354 9998.9833    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9999.1891 9999.3189    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9999.102810000.1393    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9999.9036 9998.9064    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
10000.6180 9999.3189    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
10001.3324 9998.9064    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
10001.3325 9998.0814    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
10002.0469 9999.3189    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  2  0  0  0  0
  2  3  1  0  0  0  0
  3  4  2  0  0  0  0
  6  7  2  0  0  0  0
  7  8  1  0  0  0  0
  8  9  2  0  0  0  0
  5  6  1  0  0  0  0
  5  9  1  0  0  0  0
  8 10  1  0  0  0  0
  4  7  1  0  0  0  0
  6  1  1  0  0  0  0
 10 11  1  0  0  0  0
 11 12  1  0  0  0  0
 12 13  2  0  0  0  0
 12 14  1  0  0  0  0
M  END
Download

3D MOL for NP0000531 (Indole-3-propionic acid)

HMDB0002302
     RDKit          3D
Indole-3-propionic acid
 25 26  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0999 V2000
    3.7198    0.2709    2.0863 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.7893   -0.0574    0.8772 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    5.0234   -0.2860    0.3097 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.5723   -0.2060    0.0416 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.3152    0.0765    0.8049 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.1701   -0.1006   -0.1202 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.1826   -0.4597   -1.4567 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.0750   -0.5077   -1.9263 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.8969   -0.1828   -0.9043 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.2848   -0.0682   -0.7976 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.8795    0.2881    0.3940 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.1409    0.5452    1.5235 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.7749    0.4310    1.4132 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.1626    0.0760    0.2305 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    5.6379    0.4472   -0.0305 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.5964    0.4257   -0.8584 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.5336   -1.2845   -0.2616 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.2789   -0.6415    1.6586 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.3389    1.0942    1.2608 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.0668   -0.6703   -2.0377 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.4338   -0.7411   -2.8796 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.8637   -0.2745   -1.7008 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -4.9530    0.3728    0.4618 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.6008    0.8282    2.4724 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.1594    0.6246    2.2775 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  2  0
  2  3  1  0
  2  4  1  0
  4  5  1  0
  5  6  1  0
  6  7  2  0
  7  8  1  0
  8  9  1  0
  9 10  2  0
 10 11  1  0
 11 12  2  0
 12 13  1  0
 13 14  2  0
 14  6  1  0
 14  9  1  0
  3 15  1  0
  4 16  1  0
  4 17  1  0
  5 18  1  0
  5 19  1  0
  7 20  1  0
  8 21  1  0
 10 22  1  0
 11 23  1  0
 12 24  1  0
 13 25  1  0
M  END
Download

3D SDF for NP0000531 (Indole-3-propionic acid)


  Mrv1652302242018262D          

 14 15  0  0  0  0            999 V2000
 9997.0764 9999.4249    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9996.8215 9998.6402    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9997.3735 9998.0272    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9998.1805 9998.1986    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9998.295810000.3109    0.0000 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9997.8834 9999.5964    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9998.4354 9998.9833    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9999.1891 9999.3189    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9999.102810000.1393    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
 9999.9036 9998.9064    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
10000.6180 9999.3189    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
10001.3324 9998.9064    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
10001.3325 9998.0814    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
10002.0469 9999.3189    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  2  0  0  0  0
  2  3  1  0  0  0  0
  3  4  2  0  0  0  0
  6  7  2  0  0  0  0
  7  8  1  0  0  0  0
  8  9  2  0  0  0  0
  5  6  1  0  0  0  0
  5  9  1  0  0  0  0
  8 10  1  0  0  0  0
  4  7  1  0  0  0  0
  6  1  1  0  0  0  0
 10 11  1  0  0  0  0
 11 12  1  0  0  0  0
 12 13  2  0  0  0  0
 12 14  1  0  0  0  0
M  END
> <DATABASE_ID>
NP0000531

> <DATABASE_NAME>
NP-MRD

> <SMILES>
OC(=O)CCC1=CNC2=C1C=CC=C2

> <INCHI_IDENTIFIER>
InChI=1S/C11H11NO2/c13-11(14)6-5-8-7-12-10-4-2-1-3-9(8)10/h1-4,7,12H,5-6H2,(H,13,14)

> <INCHI_KEY>
GOLXRNDWAUTYKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N

> <FORMULA>
C11H11NO2

> <MOLECULAR_WEIGHT>
189.2105

> <EXACT_MASS>
189.078978601

> <JCHEM_ACCEPTOR_COUNT>
2

> <JCHEM_ATOM_COUNT>
25

> <JCHEM_AVERAGE_POLARIZABILITY>
20.00041471857803

> <JCHEM_BIOAVAILABILITY>
1

> <JCHEM_DONOR_COUNT>
2

> <JCHEM_FORMAL_CHARGE>
0

> <JCHEM_GHOSE_FILTER>
1

> <JCHEM_IUPAC>
3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid

> <ALOGPS_LOGP>
2.04

> <JCHEM_LOGP>
2.154324763333333

> <ALOGPS_LOGS>
-2.42

> <JCHEM_MDDR_LIKE_RULE>
0

> <JCHEM_NUMBER_OF_RINGS>
2

> <JCHEM_PHYSIOLOGICAL_CHARGE>
-1

> <JCHEM_PKA>
16.175193522886932

> <JCHEM_PKA_STRONGEST_ACIDIC>
4.8029322038078455

> <JCHEM_POLAR_SURFACE_AREA>
53.089999999999996

> <JCHEM_REFRACTIVITY>
53.05310000000001

> <JCHEM_ROTATABLE_BOND_COUNT>
3

> <JCHEM_RULE_OF_FIVE>
1

> <ALOGPS_SOLUBILITY>
7.27e-01 g/l

> <JCHEM_TRADITIONAL_IUPAC>
indolylpropionic acid

> <JCHEM_VEBER_RULE>
0

$$$$
Download

3D-SDF for NP0000531 (Indole-3-propionic acid)

HMDB0002302
     RDKit          3D
Indole-3-propionic acid
 25 26  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0999 V2000
    3.7198    0.2709    2.0863 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.7893   -0.0574    0.8772 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    5.0234   -0.2860    0.3097 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.5723   -0.2060    0.0416 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.3152    0.0765    0.8049 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.1701   -0.1006   -0.1202 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.1826   -0.4597   -1.4567 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.0750   -0.5077   -1.9263 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.8969   -0.1828   -0.9043 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.2848   -0.0682   -0.7976 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.8795    0.2881    0.3940 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.1409    0.5452    1.5235 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.7749    0.4310    1.4132 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.1626    0.0760    0.2305 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    5.6379    0.4472   -0.0305 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.5964    0.4257   -0.8584 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.5336   -1.2845   -0.2616 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.2789   -0.6415    1.6586 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.3389    1.0942    1.2608 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    1.0668   -0.6703   -2.0377 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.4338   -0.7411   -2.8796 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.8637   -0.2745   -1.7008 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -4.9530    0.3728    0.4618 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.6008    0.8282    2.4724 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.1594    0.6246    2.2775 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  2  0
  2  3  1  0
  2  4  1  0
  4  5  1  0
  5  6  1  0
  6  7  2  0
  7  8  1  0
  8  9  1  0
  9 10  2  0
 10 11  1  0
 11 12  2  0
 12 13  1  0
 13 14  2  0
 14  6  1  0
 14  9  1  0
  3 15  1  0
  4 16  1  0
  4 17  1  0
  5 18  1  0
  5 19  1  0
  7 20  1  0
  8 21  1  0
 10 22  1  0
 11 23  1  0
 12 24  1  0
 13 25  1  0
M  END
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PDB for NP0000531 (Indole-3-propionic acid)

HEADER    PROTEIN                                 24-FEB-20   NONE
TITLE     NULL                                                        
COMPND    NULL                                                        
SOURCE    NULL                                                        
KEYWDS    NULL                                                        
EXPDTA    NULL                                                        
AUTHOR    Marvin                                                      
REVDAT   1   24-FEB-20         0                                  
HETATM    1  C   UNK     0    8661.2098665.593   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    2  C   UNK     0    8660.7338664.128   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    3  C   UNK     0    8661.7648662.984   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    4  C   UNK     0    8663.2708663.304   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    5  N   UNK     0    8663.4858667.247   0.000  0.00  0.00           N+0
HETATM    6  C   UNK     0    8662.7168665.913   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    7  C   UNK     0    8663.7468664.769   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    8  C   UNK     0    8665.1538665.395   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    9  C   UNK     0    8664.9928666.927   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   10  C   UNK     0    8666.4878664.625   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   11  C   UNK     0    8667.8208665.395   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   12  C   UNK     0    8669.1548664.625   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   13  O   UNK     0    8669.1548663.085   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM   14  O   UNK     0    8670.4888665.395   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
CONECT    1    2    6                                                       
CONECT    2    1    3                                                       
CONECT    3    2    4                                                       
CONECT    4    3    7                                                       
CONECT    5    6    9                                                       
CONECT    6    7    5    1                                                  
CONECT    7    6    8    4                                                  
CONECT    8    7    9   10                                                  
CONECT    9    8    5                                                       
CONECT   10    8   11                                                       
CONECT   11   10   12                                                       
CONECT   12   11   13   14                                                  
CONECT   13   12                                                            
CONECT   14   12                                                            
MASTER        0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0   14    0   30    0
END
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3D PDB for NP0000531 (Indole-3-propionic acid)

COMPND    HMDB0002302
HETATM    1  O1  UNL     1       3.720   0.271   2.086  1.00  0.00           O  
HETATM    2  C1  UNL     1       3.789  -0.057   0.877  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    3  O2  UNL     1       5.023  -0.286   0.310  1.00  0.00           O  
HETATM    4  C2  UNL     1       2.572  -0.206   0.042  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    5  C3  UNL     1       1.315   0.076   0.805  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    6  C4  UNL     1       0.170  -0.101  -0.120  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    7  C5  UNL     1       0.183  -0.460  -1.457  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    8  N1  UNL     1      -1.075  -0.508  -1.926  1.00  0.00           N  
HETATM    9  C6  UNL     1      -1.897  -0.183  -0.904  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM   10  C7  UNL     1      -3.285  -0.068  -0.798  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM   11  C8  UNL     1      -3.879   0.288   0.394  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM   12  C9  UNL     1      -3.141   0.545   1.523  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM   13  C10 UNL     1      -1.775   0.431   1.413  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM   14  C11 UNL     1      -1.163   0.076   0.231  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM   15  H1  UNL     1       5.638   0.447  -0.030  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   16  H2  UNL     1       2.596   0.426  -0.858  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   17  H3  UNL     1       2.534  -1.285  -0.262  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   18  H4  UNL     1       1.279  -0.642   1.659  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   19  H5  UNL     1       1.339   1.094   1.261  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   20  H6  UNL     1       1.067  -0.670  -2.038  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   21  H7  UNL     1      -1.434  -0.741  -2.880  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   22  H8  UNL     1      -3.864  -0.275  -1.701  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   23  H9  UNL     1      -4.953   0.373   0.462  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   24  H10 UNL     1      -3.601   0.828   2.472  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   25  H11 UNL     1      -1.159   0.625   2.277  1.00  0.00           H  
CONECT    1    2    2
CONECT    2    3    4
CONECT    3   15
CONECT    4    5   16   17
CONECT    5    6   18   19
CONECT    6    7    7   14
CONECT    7    8   20
CONECT    8    9   21
CONECT    9   10   10   14
CONECT   10   11   22
CONECT   11   12   12   23
CONECT   12   13   24
CONECT   13   14   14   25
END
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SMILES for NP0000531 (Indole-3-propionic acid)

OC(=O)CCC1=CNC2=C1C=CC=C2
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INCHI for NP0000531 (Indole-3-propionic acid)

InChI=1S/C11H11NO2/c13-11(14)6-5-8-7-12-10-4-2-1-3-9(8)10/h1-4,7,12H,5-6H2,(H,13,14)
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Synonyms
ValueSource
beta-(3-Indolyl)propionic acidChEBI
Indolepropionic acidChEBI
b-(3-Indolyl)propionateGenerator
b-(3-Indolyl)propionic acidGenerator
beta-(3-Indolyl)propionateGenerator
Β-(3-indolyl)propionateGenerator
Β-(3-indolyl)propionic acidGenerator
IndolepropionateGenerator
Indole-3-propionateGenerator
3-IndolepropionateHMDB
1H-Indole-3-propionateHMDB
1H-Indole-3-propionic acidHMDB
3-(1H-indol-3-yl)PropanoateHMDB
3-(1H-indol-3-yl)Propanoic acidHMDB
3-(1H-indol-3-yl)PropionateHMDB
3-(1H-indol-3-yl)Propionic acidHMDB
3-(2-Carboxyethyl)-1H-indoleHMDB
3-(3-Indolyl)propanoateHMDB
3-(3-Indolyl)propanoic acidHMDB
3-(3-Indolyl)propionateHMDB
3-(3-Indolyl)propionic acidHMDB
b-Indole-3-propionateHMDB
b-Indole-3-propionic acidHMDB
b-IndolepropionateHMDB
b-Indolepropionic acidHMDB
beta-Indole-3-propionateHMDB
beta-Indole-3-propionic acidHMDB
beta-IndolepropionateHMDB
beta-Indolepropionic acidHMDB
IPAHMDB
Indole propionateHMDB
Indole-3-propanoic acidHMDB
3-Indolepropionic acidHMDB
1H-Indole-3-propanoic acidHMDB
3-(Indole-3-yl)propanoic acidHMDB
3-(Indole-3-yl)propionic acidHMDB
beta-(3-Indolyl)propanoic acidHMDB
beta-Indole-3-propanoic acidHMDB
beta-Indolepropanoic acidHMDB
Β-(3-indolyl)propanoic acidHMDB
Β-indole-3-propanoic acidHMDB
Β-indole-3-propionic acidHMDB
Β-indolepropanoic acidHMDB
Β-indolepropionic acidHMDB
Indole-3-propionic acidChEBI
Chemical FormulaC11H11NO2
Average Mass189.2105 Da
Monoisotopic Mass189.07898 Da
IUPAC Name3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid
Traditional Nameindolylpropionic acid
CAS Registry Number830-96-6
SMILES
OC(=O)CCC1=CNC2=CC=CC=C12
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C11H11NO2/c13-11(14)6-5-8-7-12-10-4-2-1-3-9(8)10/h1-4,7,12H,5-6H2,(H,13,14)
InChI KeyGOLXRNDWAUTYKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Experimental Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionDepositor EmailDepositor OrganizationDepositorDeposition DateView
HSQC NMR[1H, 13C] NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, CDCl3, experimental)bgnzk@missouri.eduSumner Lab, MU Metabolomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia. MO, USADr. Bharat Goel2024-06-14View Spectrum
COSY NMR[1H, 1H] NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, CDCl3, experimental)bgnzk@missouri.eduSumner Lab, MU Metabolomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia. MO, USADr. Bharat Goel2024-06-14View Spectrum
HMBC NMR[1H, 13C] NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, CDCl3, experimental)bgnzk@missouri.eduSumner Lab, MU Metabolomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia. MO, USADr. Bharat Goel2024-06-14View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 201 MHz, CDCl3, experimental)bgnzk@missouri.eduSumner Lab, MU Metabolomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia. MO, USADr. Bharat Goel2024-06-14View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, CDCl3, experimental)bgnzk@missouri.eduSumner Lab, MU Metabolomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia. MO, USADr. Bharat Goel2024-06-14View Spectrum
Predicted Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionDepositor IDDepositor OrganizationDepositorDeposition DateView
Chemical Shift Submissions
Spectrum TypeDescriptionDepositor EmailDepositor OrganizationDepositorDeposition DateView
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600, CDCl3, simulated)bgnzk@missouri.eduSumner Lab, MU Metabolomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia. MO, USADr. Bharat Goel2024-06-14View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H2O, simulated)v.dorna83@yahoo.comNot AvailableNot Available2021-08-13View Spectrum
Species
Species of Origin
Species NameSourceReference
Anas platyrhynchosFooDB
AnatidaeFooDB
Anser anserFooDB
Bison bisonFooDB
Bos taurusFooDB
Bos taurus X Bison bisonFooDB
Bubalus bubalisFooDB
Capra aegagrus hircusFooDB
CervidaeFooDB
Cervus canadensisFooDB
ColumbaFooDB
ColumbidaeFooDB
Cucurbita pepoKNApSAcK Database
Dromaius novaehollandiaeFooDB
Equus caballusFooDB
Gallus gallusFooDB
Lagopus mutaFooDB
LeporidaeFooDB
Lepus timidusFooDB
Melanitta fuscaFooDB
Meleagris gallopavoFooDB
Numida meleagrisFooDB
OdocoileusFooDB
OryctolagusFooDB
Ovis ariesFooDB
PhasianidaeFooDB
Phasianus colchicusFooDB
Pisum sativumKNApSAcK Database
Scheffersomyces spartinaeLOTUS Database
Struthio camelusFooDB
Sus scrofaFooDB
Sus scrofa domesticaFooDB
Trypanosoma bruceiLOTUS Database
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as indolyl carboxylic acids and derivatives. Indolyl carboxylic acids and derivatives are compounds containing a carboxylic acid chain (of at least 2 carbon atoms) linked to an indole ring.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganoheterocyclic compounds
ClassIndoles and derivatives
Sub ClassIndolyl carboxylic acids and derivatives
Direct ParentIndolyl carboxylic acids and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Indolyl carboxylic acid derivative
  • 3-alkylindole
  • Indole
  • Substituted pyrrole
  • Benzenoid
  • Heteroaromatic compound
  • Pyrrole
  • Azacycle
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Carbonyl group
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic oxide
  • Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point134 - 135 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogP1.75Hansch CH, Leo A and Hoekman DH. "Exploring QSAR: Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constraints. Volume 1" ACS Publications (1995).
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.73 g/LALOGPS
logP2.04ALOGPS
logP2.15ChemAxon
logS-2.4ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)4.8ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count2ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area53.09 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count3ChemAxon
Refractivity53.05 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability20 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings2ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
HMDB IDHMDB0002302
DrugBank IDDB02758
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FoodDB IDFDB000941
KNApSAcK IDC00000115
Chemspider ID3613
KEGG Compound IDNot Available
BioCyc IDINDOLE-PROPIONATE
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia Link3-Indolepropionic acid
METLIN ID6602
PubChem Compound3744
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID43580
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
General References
  1. Chyan YJ, Poeggeler B, Omar RA, Chain DG, Frangione B, Ghiso J, Pappolla MA: Potent neuroprotective properties against the Alzheimer beta-amyloid by an endogenous melatonin-related indole structure, indole-3-propionic acid. J Biol Chem. 1999 Jul 30;274(31):21937-42. [PubMed:10419516 ]
  2. Wikoff WR, Anfora AT, Liu J, Schultz PG, Lesley SA, Peters EC, Siuzdak G: Metabolomics analysis reveals large effects of gut microflora on mammalian blood metabolites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Mar 10;106(10):3698-703. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0812874106. Epub 2009 Feb 20. [PubMed:19234110 ]
  3. de Mello VD, Paananen J, Lindstrom J, Lankinen MA, Shi L, Kuusisto J, Pihlajamaki J, Auriola S, Lehtonen M, Rolandsson O, Bergdahl IA, Nordin E, Ilanne-Parikka P, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S, Landberg R, Eriksson JG, Tuomilehto J, Hanhineva K, Uusitupa M: Indolepropionic acid and novel lipid metabolites are associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Sci Rep. 2017 Apr 11;7:46337. doi: 10.1038/srep46337. [PubMed:28397877 ]
  4. Negatu DA, Yamada Y, Xi Y, Go ML, Zimmerman M, Ganapathy U, Dartois V, Gengenbacher M, Dick T: Gut Microbiota Metabolite Indole Propionic Acid Targets Tryptophan Biosynthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. mBio. 2019 Mar 26;10(2). pii: mBio.02781-18. doi: 10.1128/mBio.02781-18. [PubMed:30914514 ]
  5. Konopelski P, Konop M, Gawrys-Kopczynska M, Podsadni P, Szczepanska A, Ufnal M: Indole-3-Propionic Acid, a Tryptophan-Derived Bacterial Metabolite, Reduces Weight Gain in Rats. Nutrients. 2019 Mar 11;11(3). pii: nu11030591. doi: 10.3390/nu11030591. [PubMed:30862081 ]
  6. Yisireyili M, Takeshita K, Saito S, Murohara T, Niwa T: Indole-3-propionic acid suppresses indoxyl sulfate-induced expression of fibrotic and inflammatory genes in proximal tubular cells. Nagoya J Med Sci. 2017 Nov;79(4):477-486. doi: 10.18999/nagjms.79.4.477. [PubMed:29238104 ]
  7. Tuomainen M, Lindstrom J, Lehtonen M, Auriola S, Pihlajamaki J, Peltonen M, Tuomilehto J, Uusitupa M, de Mello VD, Hanhineva K: Associations of serum indolepropionic acid, a gut microbiota metabolite, with type 2 diabetes and low-grade inflammation in high-risk individuals. Nutr Diabetes. 2018 May 25;8(1):35. doi: 10.1038/s41387-018-0046-9. [PubMed:29795366 ]
  8. Jellet JJ, Forrest TP, Macdonald IA, Marrie TJ, Holdeman LV: Production of indole-3-propanoic acid and 3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid by Clostridium sporogenes: a convenient thin-layer chromatography detection system. Can J Microbiol. 1980 Apr;26(4):448-53. doi: 10.1139/m80-074. [PubMed:7378938 ]
  9. Venkatesh M, Mukherjee S, Wang H, Li H, Sun K, Benechet AP, Qiu Z, Maher L, Redinbo MR, Phillips RS, Fleet JC, Kortagere S, Mukherjee P, Fasano A, Le Ven J, Nicholson JK, Dumas ME, Khanna KM, Mani S: Symbiotic bacterial metabolites regulate gastrointestinal barrier function via the xenobiotic sensor PXR and Toll-like receptor 4. Immunity. 2014 Aug 21;41(2):296-310. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.06.014. Epub 2014 Jul 24. [PubMed:25065623 ]
  10. Pulakazhi Venu VK, Saifeddine M, Mihara K, Tsai YC, Nieves K, Alston L, Mani S, McCoy KD, Hollenberg MD, Hirota SA: The pregnane X receptor and its microbiota-derived ligand indole 3-propionic acid regulate endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2019 Aug 1;317(2):E350-E361. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00572.2018. Epub 2019 Jun 18. [PubMed:31211619 ]