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Record Information
Version2.0
Created at2006-08-13 16:44:29 UTC
Updated at2024-09-17 15:42:04 UTC
NP-MRD IDNP0000505
Natural Product DOIhttps://doi.org/10.57994/2605
Secondary Accession NumbersNone
Natural Product Identification
Common Name(-)-Limonene
DescriptionLimonene is a monoterpene with a clear colourless liquid at room temperature, a naturally occurring chemical which is the major component in oil of oranges. Limonene is widely used as a flavour and fragrance and is listed to be generally recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (21 CFR 182.60 In the Code of Federal Regulations, U.S.A.). Limonene is a botanical (plant-derived) solvent of low toxicity. Mild skin irritation may occur from exposure to limonene and oxidation products of limonene may produce dermal sensitization, and may have irritative and bronchoconstrictive airway effects; however, data are scant and more studies are required. Limonene has been shown to cause a male rat-specific kidney toxicity referred to as hyaline droplet nephropathy. Furthermore, chronic exposure to limonene causes a significant incidence of renal tubular tumours exclusively in male rats. Limonene is one of the active components of dietary phytochemicals that appears to be protective against cancer (PMID: 16563357 , 15499193 , 15325315 , 2024047 ).
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
ValueSource
(-)-(S)-LimoneneChEBI
(-)-(4S)-LimoneneChEBI
(4S)-1-Methyl-4-isopropenylcyclohex-1-eneChEBI
(4S)-4-Isopropenyl-1-methylcyclohexeneChEBI
(S)-(-)-p-Mentha-1,8-dieneChEBI
(S)-1-Methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohexeneChEBI
(S)-p-Mentha-1,8-dieneChEBI
4AlphaH-p-mentha-1,8-dieneChEBI
L-LimonenChEBI
L-LimoneneChEBI
(4S)-1-Methyl-4-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohexeneKegg
4-Isopropenyl-1-methyl-1-cyclohexeneHMDB
LimoneneHMDB
(+)-LimoneneHMDB
AISA 5203-L (+)limoneneHMDB
DipenteneHMDB
1-Methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohexeneHMDB
Limonene, (+-)-isomerHMDB
(D)-LimoneneHMDB
4-Mentha-1,8-dieneHMDB
Limonene, (S)-isomerHMDB
Limonene, (R)-isomerHMDB
(R)-(+)-LimoneneHMDB
(R)-4-Isopropenyl-1-methylcyclohexeneHMDB
(+)-(R)-4-Isopropenyl-1-methylcyclohexeneHMDB
(4R)-1-Methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohexeneHMDB
D-LimoneneHMDB
4 Mentha 1,8 dieneHMDB
D LimoneneHMDB
(-)-alpha-LimoneneHMDB
(-)-Α-limoneneHMDB
(4S)-1-Methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohexeneHMDB
(4S)-LimoneneHMDB
(S)-(-)-LimoneneHMDB
(S)-1-Methyl-4-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohex-1-eneHMDB
(S)-4-Isopropenyl-1-methyl-1-cyclohexeneHMDB
(S)-LimoneneHMDB
beta-LimoneneHMDB
L-CarveneHMDB
Β-limoneneHMDB
(-)-LimoneneChEBI
Chemical FormulaC10H16
Average Mass136.2340 Da
Monoisotopic Mass136.12520 Da
IUPAC Name(4S)-1-methyl-4-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohex-1-ene
Traditional Name(-)-limonene
CAS Registry Number5989-27-5
SMILES
CC(=C)[C@H]1CCC(C)=CC1
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C10H16/c1-8(2)10-6-4-9(3)5-7-10/h4,10H,1,5-7H2,2-3H3/t10-/m1/s1
InChI KeyXMGQYMWWDOXHJM-SNVBAGLBSA-N
Experimental Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionDepositor EmailDepositor OrganizationDepositorDeposition DateView
HSQC NMR[1H, 13C] NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, CDCl3, experimental)bgnzk@missouri.eduSumner Lab, MU Metabolomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia. MO, USADr. Bharat Goel2024-05-16View Spectrum
HMBC NMR[1H, 13C] NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, CDCl3, experimental)bgnzk@missouri.eduSumner Lab, MU Metabolomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia. MO, USADr. Bharat Goel2024-05-16View Spectrum
COSY NMR[1H, 1H] NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, CDCl3, experimental)bgnzk@missouri.eduSumner Lab, MU Metabolomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia. MO, USADr. Bharat Goel2024-05-16View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 201 MHz, CDCl3, experimental)bgnzk@missouri.eduSumner Lab, MU Metabolomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia. MO, USADr. Bharat Goel2024-05-16View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, CDCl3, experimental)bgnzk@missouri.eduSumner Lab, MU Metabolomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia. MO, USADr. Bharat Goel2024-05-16View Spectrum
2D NMR[1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, CDCl3, experimental)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
Predicted Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionDepositor IDDepositor OrganizationDepositorDeposition DateView
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 25 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 252 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 50 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 75 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 101 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 126 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 151 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 176 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 201 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 226 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
Chemical Shift Submissions
Spectrum TypeDescriptionDepositor EmailDepositor OrganizationDepositorDeposition DateView
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600.133705802, CDCl3, simulated)bgnzk@missouri.eduSumner Lab, MU Metabolomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia. MO, USADr. Bharat Goel2024-05-16View Spectrum
Species
Species of Origin
Species NameSourceReference
Abies albaLOTUS Database
Abies grandisKNApSAcK Database
Abies nebrodensisLOTUS Database
Andropogon spp.Plant
Anethum graveolensLOTUS Database
Angelica archangelicaLOTUS Database
Cannabis sativaCannabisDB
      Not Available
Carum carviLOTUS Database
Citrofortunella mitisKNApSAcK Database
Citrus aurantium var. bergamiaPlant
Citrus limonLOTUS Database
Citrus spp.KNApSAcK Database
Citrus unshiuKNApSAcK Database
Citrus x microcarpaLOTUS Database
Conocephalum conicumLOTUS Database
Cymbopogon spp.Plant
Foeniculum vulgareLOTUS Database
Gossypium hirsutumLOTUS Database
Kippistia suaedifoliaLOTUS Database
Melaleuca alternifoliaLOTUS Database
Mentha longifoliaKNApSAcK Database
Mentha piperitaKNApSAcK Database
Mentha spicataKNApSAcK Database
Mentha x piperitaPlant
Methylosinus trichosporiumLOTUS Database
Minthostachys mollisLOTUS Database
Nicotiana tabacumKNApSAcK Database
Pelargonicum graveolens-
Perilla frutescensKNApSAcK Database
Picea abiesLOTUS Database
Picea schrenkianaPlant
Pinus banksianaKNApSAcK Database
Pinus contorta var. latifoliaKNApSAcK Database
Pinus densifloraLOTUS Database
Pinus heldreichiiLOTUS Database
Pinus spp.Plant
Pinus taedaKNApSAcK Database
Piper cubebaPlant
Poiretia latifoliaLOTUS Database
Pseudotsuga menziesiiLOTUS Database
Psidium guajavaKNApSAcK Database
Ricciocarpos natansLOTUS Database
Salvia officinalisKNApSAcK Database
Schizonepeta tenuifoliaLOTUS Database
Trifolium pratensePlant
Trypanosoma bruceiLOTUS Database
Valeriana officinalisLOTUS Database
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as menthane monoterpenoids. These are monoterpenoids with a structure based on the o-, m-, or p-menthane backbone. P-menthane consists of the cyclohexane ring with a methyl group and a (2-methyl)-propyl group at the 1 and 4 ring position, respectively. The o- and m- menthanes are much rarer, and presumably arise by alkyl migration of p-menthanes.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassLipids and lipid-like molecules
ClassPrenol lipids
Sub ClassMonoterpenoids
Direct ParentMenthane monoterpenoids
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • P-menthane monoterpenoid
  • Monocyclic monoterpenoid
  • Branched unsaturated hydrocarbon
  • Cycloalkene
  • Cyclic olefin
  • Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon
  • Unsaturated hydrocarbon
  • Olefin
  • Hydrocarbon
  • Aliphatic homomonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Physical Properties
StateLiquid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point-74.3 °CNot Available
Boiling Point176.00 to 177.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm HgThe Good Scents Company Information System
Water Solubility0.014 mg/mL at 25 °CNot Available
LogP4.57Li, J., Perdue, E.M. (1995) Physicochemical properties of selected monoterpenes. Pre-print Extended Abstract, Presented Before The Division of Environmental Chemistry, Amer Chem Soc, Anaheim, Ca: April 2-7
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.46 g/LALOGPS
logP4.5ALOGPS
logP3.22ChemAxon
logS-2.5ALOGPS
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count0ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area0 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count1ChemAxon
Refractivity46.48 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability17.23 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings1ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
HMDB IDHMDB0004321
DrugBank IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FoodDB IDFDB006329
KNApSAcK IDC00000803
Chemspider ID388386
KEGG Compound IDC00521
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG ID47361
Wikipedia LinkLimonene
METLIN ID6911
PubChem Compound439250
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID15383
Good Scents IDrw1007831
References
General References
  1. Flamm WG, Lehman-McKeeman LD: The human relevance of the renal tumor-inducing potential of d-limonene in male rats: implications for risk assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 1991 Feb;13(1):70-86. [PubMed:2024047 ]
  2. Aggarwal BB, Shishodia S: Molecular targets of dietary agents for prevention and therapy of cancer. Biochem Pharmacol. 2006 May 14;71(10):1397-421. Epub 2006 Feb 23. [PubMed:16563357 ]
  3. Tsuda H, Ohshima Y, Nomoto H, Fujita K, Matsuda E, Iigo M, Takasuka N, Moore MA: Cancer prevention by natural compounds. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2004 Aug;19(4):245-63. [PubMed:15499193 ]
  4. DeWitt C, Bebarta V: Botanical solvents. Clin Occup Environ Med. 2004 Aug;4(3):445-54, v-vi. [PubMed:15325315 ]
  5. Liu Y, Ma X, Liang H, Stephanopoulos G, Zhou K: Monoterpenoid biosynthesis by engineered microbes. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2021 Oct 2. pii: 6380491. doi: 10.1093/jimb/kuab065. [PubMed:34601590 ]