Np mrd loader

Showing NP-Card for D-Glutamine (NP0000495)

Jump To Section:
IdentificationSpectraBioTaxonomyChemoTaxonomyPhysical propertiesLinksReferencesXML
Record Information
Version2.0
Created at2006-08-12 20:33:24 UTC
Updated at2025-07-16 00:03:47 UTC
NP-MRD IDNP0000495
Natural Product DOIhttps://doi.org/10.57994/4316
Secondary Accession NumbersNone
Natural Product Identification
Common NameD-Glutamine
DescriptionD-Glutamine, also known as DGN or D glutamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as d-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. Supplementation does not appear to be useful in adults or children with Crohn's disease or inflammatory bowel disease, but clinical studies as of 2016 were underpowered. D-Glutamine is a drug. D-Glutamine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. D-Glutamine is a potentially toxic compound. Adverse effects of glutamine have been described for people receiving home parenteral nutrition and those with liver-function abnormalities. Glutamine is the most abundant naturally occurring, nonessential amino acid in the human body, and one of the few amino acids that can directly cross the blood-brain barrier. Glutamine can exist in either of two enantiomeric forms, L-glutamine and D-glutamine.
Structure
Thumb
MOL3D MOLSDF3D SDFPDB3D PDBSMILESInChI

MOL for NP0000495 (D-Glutamine)


  Mrv1652305271900072D          

 10  9  0  0  1  0            999 V2000
   26.8621  -12.7411    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   26.1477  -11.5036    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   25.4332  -15.2161    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   24.7187  -12.3286    0.0000 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   24.0042  -15.2161    0.0000 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   25.4332  -12.7411    0.0000 C   0  0  2  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   25.4332  -13.5661    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   24.7187  -13.9786    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   26.1477  -12.3286    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   24.7187  -14.8036    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  9  1  0  0  0  0
  2  9  2  0  0  0  0
  3 10  2  0  0  0  0
  6  4  1  1  0  0  0
  5 10  1  0  0  0  0
  6  7  1  0  0  0  0
  6  9  1  0  0  0  0
  7  8  1  0  0  0  0
  8 10  1  0  0  0  0
M  END
Download

3D MOL for NP0000495 (D-Glutamine)

HMDB0003423
     RDKit          3D
D-Glutamine
 20 19  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0999 V2000
    3.3643    0.7521   -0.9559 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.3412    0.1506   -0.2201 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.6378   -0.4336    0.8539 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.9084    0.1446   -0.6088 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.0458   -0.5711    0.3659 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.4177   -0.6022   -0.0073 C   0  0  1  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.1249   -1.3443    1.0524 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.0376    0.7222   -0.1202 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.6432    1.5228   -0.9889 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.0606    1.1069    0.7245 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.2894    0.8380   -1.9824 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    4.2069    1.1177   -0.4819 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.8414   -0.2558   -1.6360 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.6195    1.2301   -0.6677 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.3717   -1.6542    0.3515 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.1706   -0.2434    1.4089 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.5580   -1.1802   -0.9561 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.0027   -2.3736    0.9100 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.7823   -1.0246    1.9881 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.1697    2.0980    0.9699 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  1  0
  2  3  2  0
  2  4  1  0
  4  5  1  0
  5  6  1  0
  6  7  1  0
  6  8  1  0
  8  9  2  0
  8 10  1  0
  1 11  1  0
  1 12  1  0
  4 13  1  0
  4 14  1  0
  5 15  1  0
  5 16  1  0
  6 17  1  6
  7 18  1  0
  7 19  1  0
 10 20  1  0
M  END
Download

3D SDF for NP0000495 (D-Glutamine)


  Mrv1652305271900072D          

 10  9  0  0  1  0            999 V2000
   26.8621  -12.7411    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   26.1477  -11.5036    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   25.4332  -15.2161    0.0000 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   24.7187  -12.3286    0.0000 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   24.0042  -15.2161    0.0000 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   25.4332  -12.7411    0.0000 C   0  0  2  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   25.4332  -13.5661    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   24.7187  -13.9786    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   26.1477  -12.3286    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   24.7187  -14.8036    0.0000 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  9  1  0  0  0  0
  2  9  2  0  0  0  0
  3 10  2  0  0  0  0
  6  4  1  1  0  0  0
  5 10  1  0  0  0  0
  6  7  1  0  0  0  0
  6  9  1  0  0  0  0
  7  8  1  0  0  0  0
  8 10  1  0  0  0  0
M  END
> <DATABASE_ID>
NP0000495

> <DATABASE_NAME>
NP-MRD

> <SMILES>
N[C@H](CCC(N)=O)C(O)=O

> <INCHI_IDENTIFIER>
InChI=1S/C5H10N2O3/c6-3(5(9)10)1-2-4(7)8/h3H,1-2,6H2,(H2,7,8)(H,9,10)/t3-/m1/s1

> <INCHI_KEY>
ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-GSVOUGTGSA-N

> <FORMULA>
C5H10N2O3

> <MOLECULAR_WEIGHT>
146.1445

> <EXACT_MASS>
146.069142196

> <JCHEM_ACCEPTOR_COUNT>
4

> <JCHEM_ATOM_COUNT>
20

> <JCHEM_AVERAGE_POLARIZABILITY>
13.589490382414553

> <JCHEM_BIOAVAILABILITY>
1

> <JCHEM_DONOR_COUNT>
3

> <JCHEM_FORMAL_CHARGE>
0

> <JCHEM_GHOSE_FILTER>
0

> <JCHEM_IUPAC>
(2R)-2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid

> <ALOGPS_LOGP>
-3.32

> <JCHEM_LOGP>
-4.001133405103188

> <ALOGPS_LOGS>
-0.17

> <JCHEM_MDDR_LIKE_RULE>
0

> <JCHEM_NUMBER_OF_RINGS>
0

> <JCHEM_PHYSIOLOGICAL_CHARGE>
0

> <JCHEM_PKA>
16.24489083303041

> <JCHEM_PKA_STRONGEST_ACIDIC>
2.14714261629068

> <JCHEM_PKA_STRONGEST_BASIC>
9.312090619392574

> <JCHEM_POLAR_SURFACE_AREA>
106.41

> <JCHEM_REFRACTIVITY>
33.109899999999996

> <JCHEM_ROTATABLE_BOND_COUNT>
4

> <JCHEM_RULE_OF_FIVE>
1

> <ALOGPS_SOLUBILITY>
9.78e+01 g/l

> <JCHEM_TRADITIONAL_IUPAC>
D-glutamine

> <JCHEM_VEBER_RULE>
0

$$$$
Download

3D-SDF for NP0000495 (D-Glutamine)

HMDB0003423
     RDKit          3D
D-Glutamine
 20 19  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0999 V2000
    3.3643    0.7521   -0.9559 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.3412    0.1506   -0.2201 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    2.6378   -0.4336    0.8539 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.9084    0.1446   -0.6088 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.0458   -0.5711    0.3659 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.4177   -0.6022   -0.0073 C   0  0  1  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.1249   -1.3443    1.0524 N   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.0376    0.7222   -0.1202 C   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.6432    1.5228   -0.9889 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.0606    1.1069    0.7245 O   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    3.2894    0.8380   -1.9824 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    4.2069    1.1177   -0.4819 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.8414   -0.2558   -1.6360 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.6195    1.2301   -0.6677 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.3717   -1.6542    0.3515 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
    0.1706   -0.2434    1.4089 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.5580   -1.1802   -0.9561 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -2.0027   -2.3736    0.9100 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -1.7823   -1.0246    1.9881 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
   -3.1697    2.0980    0.9699 H   0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0
  1  2  1  0
  2  3  2  0
  2  4  1  0
  4  5  1  0
  5  6  1  0
  6  7  1  0
  6  8  1  0
  8  9  2  0
  8 10  1  0
  1 11  1  0
  1 12  1  0
  4 13  1  0
  4 14  1  0
  5 15  1  0
  5 16  1  0
  6 17  1  6
  7 18  1  0
  7 19  1  0
 10 20  1  0
M  END
Download

PDB for NP0000495 (D-Glutamine)

HEADER    PROTEIN                                 27-MAY-19   NONE
TITLE     NULL                                                        
COMPND    NULL                                                        
SOURCE    NULL                                                        
KEYWDS    NULL                                                        
EXPDTA    NULL                                                        
AUTHOR    Marvin                                                      
REVDAT   1   27-MAY-19         0                                  
HETATM    1  O   UNK     0      50.143 -23.783   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM    2  O   UNK     0      48.809 -21.473   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM    3  O   UNK     0      47.475 -28.403   0.000  0.00  0.00           O+0
HETATM    4  N   UNK     0      46.142 -23.013   0.000  0.00  0.00           N+0
HETATM    5  N   UNK     0      44.808 -28.403   0.000  0.00  0.00           N+0
HETATM    6  C   UNK     0      47.475 -23.783   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    7  C   UNK     0      47.475 -25.323   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    8  C   UNK     0      46.142 -26.093   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM    9  C   UNK     0      48.809 -23.013   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
HETATM   10  C   UNK     0      46.142 -27.633   0.000  0.00  0.00           C+0
CONECT    1    9                                                            
CONECT    2    9                                                            
CONECT    3   10                                                            
CONECT    4    6                                                            
CONECT    5   10                                                            
CONECT    6    4    7    9                                                  
CONECT    7    6    8                                                       
CONECT    8    7   10                                                       
CONECT    9    1    2    6                                                  
CONECT   10    3    5    8                                                  
MASTER        0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0   10    0   18    0
END
Download

3D PDB for NP0000495 (D-Glutamine)

COMPND    HMDB0003423
HETATM    1  N1  UNL     1       3.364   0.752  -0.956  1.00  0.00           N  
HETATM    2  C1  UNL     1       2.341   0.151  -0.220  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    3  O1  UNL     1       2.638  -0.434   0.854  1.00  0.00           O  
HETATM    4  C2  UNL     1       0.908   0.145  -0.609  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    5  C3  UNL     1       0.046  -0.571   0.366  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    6  C4  UNL     1      -1.418  -0.602  -0.007  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    7  N2  UNL     1      -2.125  -1.344   1.052  1.00  0.00           N  
HETATM    8  C5  UNL     1      -2.038   0.722  -0.120  1.00  0.00           C  
HETATM    9  O2  UNL     1      -1.643   1.523  -0.989  1.00  0.00           O  
HETATM   10  O3  UNL     1      -3.061   1.107   0.725  1.00  0.00           O  
HETATM   11  H1  UNL     1       3.289   0.838  -1.982  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   12  H2  UNL     1       4.207   1.118  -0.482  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   13  H3  UNL     1       0.841  -0.256  -1.636  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   14  H4  UNL     1       0.619   1.230  -0.668  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   15  H5  UNL     1       0.372  -1.654   0.352  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   16  H6  UNL     1       0.171  -0.243   1.409  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   17  H7  UNL     1      -1.558  -1.180  -0.956  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   18  H8  UNL     1      -2.003  -2.374   0.910  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   19  H9  UNL     1      -1.782  -1.025   1.988  1.00  0.00           H  
HETATM   20  H10 UNL     1      -3.170   2.098   0.970  1.00  0.00           H  
CONECT    1    2   11   12
CONECT    2    3    3    4
CONECT    4    5   13   14
CONECT    5    6   15   16
CONECT    6    7    8   17
CONECT    7   18   19
CONECT    8    9    9   10
CONECT   10   20
END
Download

SMILES for NP0000495 (D-Glutamine)

N[C@H](CCC(N)=O)C(O)=O
Download

INCHI for NP0000495 (D-Glutamine)

InChI=1S/C5H10N2O3/c6-3(5(9)10)1-2-4(7)8/h3H,1-2,6H2,(H2,7,8)(H,9,10)/t3-/m1/s1
Download
View in JSmol
Synonyms
ValueSource
(2R)-2,5-Diamino-5-oxopentanoic acidChEBI
(2R)-2-Amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acidChEBI
(R)-2,5-Diamino-5-oxopentanoic acidChEBI
D-2-Aminoglutaramic acidChEBI
D-GlutaminChEBI
D-Glutaminsaeure-5-amidChEBI
DGNChEBI
(2R)-2,5-Diamino-5-oxopentanoateGenerator
(2R)-2-Amino-4-carbamoylbutanoateGenerator
(R)-2,5-Diamino-5-oxopentanoateGenerator
D-2-AminoglutaramateGenerator
NutrestoreHMDB
L-GlutamineHMDB
D GlutamineHMDB
L GlutamineHMDB
GlutamineHMDB
Chemical FormulaC5H10N2O3
Average Mass146.1445 Da
Monoisotopic Mass146.06914 Da
IUPAC Name(2R)-2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid
Traditional NameD-glutamine
CAS Registry Number5959-95-5
SMILES
N[C@H](CCC(N)=O)C(O)=O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C5H10N2O3/c6-3(5(9)10)1-2-4(7)8/h3H,1-2,6H2,(H2,7,8)(H,9,10)/t3-/m1/s1
InChI KeyZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-GSVOUGTGSA-N
Experimental Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionDepositor EmailDepositor OrganizationDepositorDeposition DateView
HMBC NMR[1H, 13C] NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, C2D6OS, experimental)rjm4kd@umsystem.eduSumner lab, University of MissouriRonald Myers2025-07-14View Spectrum
HSQC NMR[1H, 13C] NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, C2D6OS, experimental)rjm4kd@umsystem.eduSumner lab, University of MissouriRonald Myers2025-07-14View Spectrum
COSY NMR[1H, 1H] NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, C2D6OS, experimental)rjm4kd@umsystem.eduSumner lab, University of MissouriRonald Myers2025-07-14View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, C2D6OS, experimental)rjm4kd@umsystem.eduSumner lab, University of MissouriRonald Myers2025-07-14View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600.0 MHz, C2D6OS, experimental)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
2D NMR[1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
Predicted Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionDepositor IDDepositor OrganizationDepositorDeposition DateView
Chemical Shift Submissions
Spectrum TypeDescriptionDepositor EmailDepositor OrganizationDepositorDeposition DateView
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600.0, C2D6OS, simulated)rjm4kd@umsystem.eduSumner lab, University of MissouriRonald Myers2025-07-14View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H2O, simulated)varshavi.d26@gmail.comNot AvailableNot Available2021-08-10View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H2O, simulated)varshavi.d26@gmail.comNot AvailableNot Available2021-08-10View Spectrum
Species
Species of Origin
Species NameSourceReference
Anas platyrhynchosFooDB
AnatidaeFooDB
Anser anserFooDB
Arabidopsis thalianaPlant
Bison bisonFooDB
Bos taurusFooDB
Bos taurus X Bison bisonFooDB
Bubalus bubalisFooDB
Capra aegagrus hircusFooDB
CervidaeFooDB
Cervus canadensisFooDB
ColumbaFooDB
ColumbidaeFooDB
Daphnia pulexLOTUS Database
Dromaius novaehollandiaeFooDB
Equus caballusFooDB
Escherichia coliBacteria
Gallus gallusFooDB
Homo sapiensLOTUS Database
Homo sapiens (Serum)Animalia
Homo sapiens (Urine)Animalia
Lagopus mutaFooDB
LeporidaeFooDB
Lepus timidusFooDB
Melanitta fuscaFooDB
Meleagris gallopavoFooDB
Mus musculusLOTUS Database
Numida meleagrisFooDB
OdocoileusFooDB
OryctolagusFooDB
Ovis ariesFooDB
PhasianidaeFooDB
Phasianus colchicusFooDB
Struthio camelusFooDB
Sus scrofaFooDB
Sus scrofa domesticaFooDB
Triticum aestivumPlant
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as d-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic acids and derivatives
ClassCarboxylic acids and derivatives
Sub ClassAmino acids, peptides, and analogues
Direct ParentD-alpha-amino acids
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • D-alpha-amino acid
  • Fatty acid
  • Amino acid
  • Carboximidic acid
  • Carboximidic acid derivative
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Amine
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Primary amine
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Primary aliphatic amine
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting PointNot AvailableNot Available
Boiling Point445.00 to 446.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)The Good Scents Company Information System
Water Solubility42210 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)The Good Scents Company Information System
LogP-1.576 (est)The Good Scents Company Information System
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility97.8 g/LALOGPS
logP-3.3ALOGPS
logP-4ChemAxon
logS-0.17ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)2.15ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)9.31ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count4ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count3ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area106.41 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count4ChemAxon
Refractivity33.11 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability13.59 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
HMDB IDHMDB0003423
DrugBank IDDB02174
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FoodDB IDFDB023171
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider ID128633
KEGG Compound IDC00819
BioCyc IDGLUTAMIDE
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkGlutamine
METLIN ID6926
PubChem Compound145815
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID17061
Good Scents IDrw1107631
References
General References
  1. Thorsen G, Bergquist J: Chiral separation of amino acids in biological fluids by micellar electrokinetic chromatography with laser-induced fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 2000 Aug 18;745(2):389-97. [PubMed:11043757 ]
  2. Isobe K, Tamauchi H, Fuhshuku K, Nagasawa S, Asano Y: A Simple Enzymatic Method for Production of a Wide Variety of D-Amino Acids Using L-Amino Acid Oxidase from Rhodococcus sp. AIU Z-35-1. Enzyme Res. 2010 Aug 5;2010:567210. doi: 10.4061/2010/567210. [PubMed:21048866 ]
  3. Gobor T, Corol G, Ferreira LE, Rymovicz AU, Rosa RT, Campelo PM, Rosa EA: Proposal of protocols using D-glutamine to optimize the 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenly)-5-[(phenylamino)carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide (XTT) assay for indirect estimation of microbial loads in biofilms of medical importance. J Microbiol Methods. 2011 Feb;84(2):299-306. doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2010.12.018. Epub 2010 Dec 20. [PubMed:21182880 ]
  4. Munch D, Roemer T, Lee SH, Engeser M, Sahl HG, Schneider T: Identification and in vitro analysis of the GatD/MurT enzyme-complex catalyzing lipid II amidation in Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS Pathog. 2012 Jan;8(1):e1002509. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002509. Epub 2012 Jan 26. [PubMed:22291598 ]
  5. Gorgievski-Hrisoho M, Colombo JP, Bachmann C: Stimulation of tryptophan uptake into brain microvessels by D-glutamine. Brain Res. 1986 Mar 5;367(1-2):395-7. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(86)91626-4. [PubMed:3697715 ]