Np mrd loader

Record Information
Version1.0
Created at2006-05-22 14:17:53 UTC
Updated at2024-04-19 09:50:48 UTC
NP-MRD IDNP0000447
Secondary Accession NumbersNone
Natural Product Identification
Common NameHydroquinone
DescriptionHydroquinone, also known as benzene-1,4-diol, is an aromatic organic compound which is a type of phenol, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2. Its chemical structure has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position. Hydroquinone is commonly used as a biomarker for benzene exposure. The presence of hydroquinone in normal individuals stems mainly from direct dietary ingestion, catabolism of tyrosine and other substrates by gut bacteria, ingestion of arbutin-containing foods, cigarette smoking, and the use of some over-the-counter medicines. Hydroquinone is a white granular solid at room temperature and pressure. The hydroxyl groups of hydroquinone are quite weakly acidic. Hydroquinone can lose an H+ from one of the hydroxyls to form a monophenolate ion or lose an H+ from both to form a diphenolate ion. Hydroquinone has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent which is soluble in water. It is a major component of most photographic developers where, with the compound Metol, it reduces silver halides to elemental silver.
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
ValueSource
1,4-BenzenediolChEBI
1,4-DihydroxybenzeneChEBI
4-HydroxyphenolChEBI
Benzene-1,4-diolChEBI
EldoquinChEBI
p-BenzenediolChEBI
p-HydroquinoneChEBI
p-HydroxyphenolChEBI
QuinolChEBI
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeenHMDB
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzolHMDB
1,4-DihydroxybenzenHMDB
1,4-DiidrobenzeneHMDB
a-HydroquinoneHMDB
alpha-HydroquinoneHMDB
b-QuinolHMDB
BenzohydroquinoneHMDB
BenzoquinolHMDB
beta-QuinolHMDB
DihydroquinoneHMDB
DihydroxybenzeneHMDB
HydrochinonHMDB
HydrochinoneHMDB
HydroquinolHMDB
HydroquinoleHMDB
Hydroquinone for synthesisHMDB
Hydroquinone GRHMDB
HydroquinoueHMDB
IdrochinoneHMDB
MelanexHMDB
p-DihydroxybenzeneHMDB
p-DioxobenzeneHMDB
p-DioxybenzeneHMDB
p-HydroxybenzeneHMDB
PhiaquinHMDB
Solaquin forteHMDB
Eldoquin forteHMDB
LustraHMDB
MelpaqueHMDB
Neostrata HQHMDB
Stratus brand 1 OF hydroquinoneHMDB
UltraquinHMDB
Hydroquinone, lead (2+) salt (2:1)HMDB
EsotericaHMDB
HidroquilaudeHMDB
ICN brand 1 OF hydroquinoneHMDB
MelquinHMDB
Plough brand 2 OF hydroquinoneHMDB
Hydroquinone, copper (1+) saltHMDB
ArtraHMDB
EldopaqueHMDB
Eldopaque forteHMDB
HidroquinHMDB
ICN brand 4 OF hydroquinoneHMDB
LicostrataHMDB
Hydroquinone, monocopper (2+) saltHMDB
Black and whiteHMDB
Hidroquinona isdinHMDB
ICN brand 2 OF hydroquinoneHMDB
ICN brand 3 OF hydroquinoneHMDB
MelanasaHMDB
Plough brand 1 OF hydroquinoneHMDB
SolaquinHMDB
Stratus brand 2 OF hydroquinoneHMDB
1,4-BenzoquinolHMDB
1,4-PhenylenediolHMDB
1,4-p-BenzenediolHMDB
p-DihydroquinoneHMDB
p-PhenylenediolHMDB
p-QuinolHMDB
Chemical FormulaC6H6O2
Average Mass110.1106 Da
Monoisotopic Mass110.03678 Da
IUPAC Namebenzene-1,4-diol
Traditional Nameα-hydroquinone
CAS Registry Number123-31-9
SMILES
OC1=CC=C(O)C=C1
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C6H6O2/c7-5-1-2-6(8)4-3-5/h1-4,7-8H
InChI KeyQIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Experimental Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionDepositor EmailDepositor OrganizationDepositorDeposition DateView
1D NMR[1H, ] NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, CD3OD, experimental)bgnzk@missouri.eduNot AvailableNot Available2023-08-14View Spectrum
1D NMR[1H, ] NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, CD3OD, experimental)bgnzk@missouri.eduNot AvailableNot Available2023-08-14View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
2D NMR[1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
Predicted Spectra
Not Available
Chemical Shift Submissions
Not Available
Species
Species of Origin
Species NameSourceReference
Abelmoschus esculentusFooDB
Achillea millefoliumLOTUS Database
Actinidia chinensisFooDB
Aesculus californicaLOTUS Database
Afraegle paniculataLOTUS Database
Agaricus bisporusFooDB
Agaricus hondensisLOTUS Database
AgaveFooDB
Agave americanaLOTUS Database
Allium ampeloprasumFooDB
Allium ascalonicumFooDB
Allium cepaFooDB
Allium cepa L.FooDB
Allium fistulosumFooDB
Allium sativumFooDB
Allium schoenoprasumFooDB
Allium tuberosumFooDB
Aloysia triphyllaFooDB
AmaranthusFooDB
Amelanchier alnifoliaFooDB
Anacardium occidentaleFooDB
Ananas comosusFooDB
Anethum graveolensFooDB
Angelica keiskeiFooDB
Annona cherimolaFooDB
Annona muricataFooDB
Annona reticulataFooDB
Annona squamosaFooDB
Antennaria microphyllaLOTUS Database
Anthriscus cerefoliumFooDB
Apium graveolensFooDB
Apium graveolens var. dulceFooDB
Apium graveolens var. rapaceumFooDB
Apium graveolens var. secalinumFooDB
Arachis hypogaeaFooDB
Arbutus unedoKNApSAcK Database
Arctium lappaFooDB
Arctostaphylos columbianaLOTUS Database
Arctostaphylos uva-ursiLOTUS Database
Armoracia rusticanaFooDB
Artemisia dracunculusFooDB
Artemisia vulgarisFooDB
Artocarpus altilisFooDB
Artocarpus heterophyllusFooDB
Asparagus officinalisFooDB
Attalea speciosaFooDB
Auricularia auricula-judaeFooDB
Auricularia polytrichaFooDB
Avena sativa L.FooDB
Averrhoa carambolaFooDB
Basella albaFooDB
Benincasa hispidaFooDB
Bertholletia excelsaFooDB
Beta vulgarisFooDB
Beta vulgaris ssp. ciclaFooDB
Borago officinalisFooDB
Brassica alboglabraFooDB
Brassica junceaFooDB
Brassica napusFooDB
Brassica napus var. napusFooDB
Brassica oleraceaFooDB
Brassica oleracea var. botrytisFooDB
Brassica oleracea var. capitataFooDB
Brassica oleracea var. gemmiferaFooDB
Brassica oleracea var. gongylodesFooDB
Brassica oleracea var. italicaFooDB
Brassica oleracea var. sabaudaFooDB
Brassica oleracea var. viridisFooDB
Brassica rapaFooDB
Brassica rapa ssp. chinensisFooDB
Brassica rapa var. pekinensisFooDB
Brassica rapa var. rapaFooDB
Brassica ruvoFooDB
Brosimum alicastrumFooDB
Byrsonima crassifoliaFooDB
Cajanus cajanFooDB
Canarium ovatumFooDB
Cannabis sativaCannabisDB
      Not Available
Cantharellus cibariusFooDB
Capparis spinosaFooDB
Capsicum annuumFooDB
Capsicum annuum L.FooDB
Capsicum annuum var. annuumFooDB
Capsicum chinenseFooDB
Capsicum pubescensFooDB
Carica papaya L.FooDB
Carissa macrocarpaFooDB
Carthamus tinctoriusFooDB
Carum carviFooDB
CaryaFooDB
Carya illinoinensisFooDB
CastaneaFooDB
Castanea crenataFooDB
Castanea mollissimaFooDB
Castanea sativaFooDB
Ceratonia siliquaFooDB
Chamaemelum nobileFooDB
Chamerion angustifoliumFooDB
Chenopodium albumFooDB
Chenopodium quinoaFooDB
Chrysanthemum coronariumFooDB
Cicer arietinumFooDB
Cichorium endiviaFooDB
Cichorium intybusFooDB
CinnamomumFooDB
Cinnamomum aromaticumFooDB
Cinnamomum verumFooDB
CirsiumFooDB
Citrullus lanatusFooDB
Citrus ×limon (L.) Burm. f. (pro sp.)FooDB
Citrus aurantiifoliaFooDB
Citrus latifoliaFooDB
Citrus limonFooDB
Citrus limoniaLOTUS Database
Citrus maximaFooDB
Citrus paradisiFooDB
Citrus reticulataFooDB
Citrus sinensisLOTUS Database
Citrus X sinensis (L.) Osbeck (pro. sp.)FooDB
Cocos nuciferaFooDB
Coffea arabica L.FooDB
Coffea canephoraFooDB
Colocasia esculentaFooDB
Corchorus olitoriusFooDB
Coriandrum sativum L.FooDB
CorylusFooDB
Corylus avellanaFooDB
Crateva religiosaFooDB
Crocus sativusFooDB
Crotalaria sessilifloraLOTUS Database
Cucumis meloFooDB
Cucumis metuliferusFooDB
Cucumis sativus L.FooDB
CucurbitaFooDB
Cucurbita maximaFooDB
Cucurbita moschataFooDB
Cullen corylifoliumLOTUS Database
Cuminum cyminumFooDB
Curcuma longaFooDB
Cydonia oblongaFooDB
Cymbopogon citratusFooDB
Cynara cardunculusFooDB
Cynara scolymusFooDB
Daucus carotaFooDB
Daucus carota ssp. sativusFooDB
Decussocarpus wallichianusKNApSAcK Database
Dimocarpus longanFooDB
DioscoreaFooDB
Dioscorea pentaphyllaFooDB
DiospyrosFooDB
Diospyros kakiFooDB
Diospyros virginianaFooDB
Durio zibethinusFooDB
Dysidea cf.cristagalli-
Dysphania ambrosioidesFooDB
ElaeisFooDB
Eleocharis dulcisFooDB
Elettaria cardamomumFooDB
Empetrum nigrumFooDB
Eragrostis tefFooDB
Eriobotrya japonicaFooDB
Eruca vesicaria subsp. SativaFooDB
Eugenia javanicaFooDB
Eugenia unifloraFooDB
Euphorbia tithymaloidesLOTUS Database
Eutrema japonicumFooDB
Fagopyrum esculentumFooDB
Fagopyrum tataricumFooDB
FagusFooDB
Feijoa sellowianaFooDB
Ficus caricaFooDB
Flammulina velutipesFooDB
Foeniculum vulgareFooDB
Fragaria x ananassaFooDB
Garcinia mangostanaFooDB
Gastrodia elataKNApSAcK Database
Gaylussacia baccataFooDB
Ginkgo bilobaFooDB
Glycine maxFooDB
Glycosmis citrifoliaLOTUS Database
GossypiumFooDB
Grifola frondosaFooDB
Hedysarum alpinumFooDB
Helianthus annuus L.FooDB
Helianthus tuberosusFooDB
Hernandia ovigeraLOTUS Database
Hibiscus sabbariffaFooDB
Hippophae rhamnoidesFooDB
Hordeum vulgareFooDB
Hyssopus officinalis L.FooDB
Illicium verumFooDB
Ipomoea aquaticaFooDB
Ipomoea batatasFooDB
Ipomopsis aggregataLOTUS Database
JuglansFooDB
Juglans ailanthifoliaFooDB
Juglans cinereaFooDB
Juglans nigra L.FooDB
Juglans regiaFooDB
Lablab purpureusFooDB
Lactuca sativaFooDB
Lagenaria sicerariaFooDB
Lathyrus sativusFooDB
Laurus nobilis L.FooDB
Lens culinarisFooDB
Lentinus edodesFooDB
Lepidium sativumFooDB
Levisticum officinaleFooDB
Linum usitatissimumFooDB
Litchi chinensisFooDB
Luffa aegyptiacaFooDB
LupinusFooDB
Lupinus albusFooDB
MacadamiaFooDB
Macadamia tetraphyllaFooDB
Malpighia emarginataFooDB
MalusFooDB
Malus pumilaFooDB
Mammea americanaFooDB
Mangifera indicaFooDB
Manihot esculentaFooDB
Manilkara zapotaFooDB
Maranta arundinaceaFooDB
Matricaria recutitaFooDB
Matteuccia struthiopterisFooDB
Medicago sativaFooDB
Melissa officinalis L.FooDB
MenthaFooDB
Mentha aquaticaFooDB
Mentha arvensisFooDB
Mentha spicataFooDB
Mentha x piperitaFooDB
Mespilus germanicaFooDB
Metroxylon saguFooDB
Momordica charantiaFooDB
MorchellaceaeFooDB
Morella rubraFooDB
Moringa oleiferaFooDB
MorusFooDB
Morus nigraFooDB
Murraya euchrestifoliaLOTUS Database
Mus musculusLOTUS Database
Musa acuminataFooDB
Musa x paradisiacaFooDB
MyricaFooDB
Myristica fragransFooDB
Nageia wallichianaLOTUS Database
NelumboFooDB
Nelumbo nuciferaFooDB
Nephelium lappaceumFooDB
Nuphar luteaFooDB
Ocimum basilicumFooDB
Oenothera biennisFooDB
Olea europaeaFooDB
Onobrychis radiataLOTUS Database
OpuntiaFooDB
Opuntia cochenilliferaFooDB
Opuntia macrorhizaFooDB
Orchis hatagireaLOTUS Database
Origanum majoranaFooDB
Origanum onitesFooDB
Origanum vulgareFooDB
Origanum X majoricumFooDB
Oryza rufipogonFooDB
Oryza sativaFooDB
Pachyrhizus erosusFooDB
Panax ginsengFooDB
Pangium eduleFooDB
Panicum miliaceumFooDB
Passiflora edulisFooDB
Pastinaca sativaFooDB
Pediomelum esculentumFooDB
Perideridia oreganaFooDB
Persea americanaFooDB
Petasites japonicusFooDB
Petroselinum crispumFooDB
Petroselinum spp.KNApSAcK Database
Phagnalon rupestreLOTUS Database
Phaseolus coccineusFooDB
Phaseolus lunatusFooDB
Phaseolus vulgarisFooDB
Phoenix dactyliferaFooDB
Phomopsis velataLOTUS Database
Photinia melanocarpaFooDB
Phyllostachys edulisFooDB
PhysalisFooDB
Physalis philadelphica var. immaculataFooDB
Phytolacca americanaFooDB
Pimenta dioicaFooDB
Pimpinella anisumKNApSAcK Database
PinusFooDB
Pinus edulisFooDB
Pinus resinosaKNApSAcK Database
Pinus sibiricaKNApSAcK Database
Piper nigrum L.FooDB
Pistacia veraFooDB
Pisum sativumFooDB
Pleurotus ostreatusFooDB
Polygonum alpinumFooDB
Portulaca oleraceaFooDB
Pouteria sapotaFooDB
Primula ovalifoliaPlant
Protea melliferaKNApSAcK Database
Protea repensLOTUS Database
Prunus armeniacaFooDB
Prunus aviumFooDB
Prunus avium L.FooDB
Prunus cerasusFooDB
Prunus domesticaFooDB
Prunus dulcisFooDB
Prunus persicaFooDB
Prunus persica var. nucipersicaFooDB
Prunus persica var. persicaFooDB
Prunus tomentosaFooDB
Prunus virginianaFooDB
Psidium cattleianumFooDB
Psidium guajavaFooDB
Psophocarpus tetragonolobusFooDB
Punica granatumFooDB
Pyrus communisKNApSAcK Database
Pyrus pashiaLOTUS Database
Pyrus pyrifoliaFooDB
QuercusFooDB
Raphanus sativusFooDB
Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatusFooDB
Raphanus sativus var. sativusFooDB
Rheum rhabarbarumFooDB
Rhodiola sacraLOTUS Database
Ribes aureumFooDB
Ribes glandulosumFooDB
Ribes nigrumFooDB
Ribes rubrumFooDB
Ribes uva-crispaFooDB
RosaFooDB
Rubus arcticusFooDB
Rubus chamaemorusFooDB
Rubus idaeusFooDB
Rubus occidentalisFooDB
Rubus spectabilisFooDB
RumexFooDB
Rumex acetosaFooDB
Rumex articusFooDB
Sagittaria latifoliaFooDB
Salix pulchraFooDB
Salvia elegansFooDB
Salvia hispanicaFooDB
Salvia officinalisFooDB
Salvia rhyacophilaLOTUS Database
Salvia rosmarinusFooDB
Salvia yosgadensisLOTUS Database
Sambucus nigraFooDB
Sambucus nigra L.FooDB
Satureja hortensis L.FooDB
Satureja montanaFooDB
Scorzonera hispanicaFooDB
Secale cerealeFooDB
Sechium eduleFooDB
Sesamum indicumFooDB
Sesbania bispinosaFooDB
Sinapis albaFooDB
SisymbriumFooDB
Solanum lycopersicumFooDB
Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiformeFooDB
Solanum lycopersicum var. lycopersicumFooDB
Solanum melongenaFooDB
Solanum quitoenseFooDB
Solanum tuberosumFooDB
Sorbus aucupariaFooDB
Sorghum bicolorFooDB
Spinacia oleraceaFooDB
Spiranthes vernalisLOTUS Database
Syzygium aromaticumFooDB
Syzygium cuminiFooDB
Syzygium jambosFooDB
Tamarindus indicaFooDB
Taraxacum officinaleFooDB
Tetragonia tetragonioidesFooDB
ThelespermaFooDB
Thymus pulegioidesFooDB
Thymus vulgarisFooDB
Tilia cordataFooDB
Tilia L.FooDB
Tragopogon porrifoliusFooDB
Trigonella foenum-graecumFooDB
TriticumFooDB
Triticum aestivumFooDB
Triticum durumFooDB
Triticum speltaFooDB
Triticum turanicumFooDB
Typha angustifoliaFooDB
VacciniumFooDB
Vaccinium angustifoliumFooDB
Vaccinium angustifolium X Vaccinium corymbosumFooDB
Vaccinium arboreumFooDB
Vaccinium corymbosumFooDB
Vaccinium deliciosumFooDB
Vaccinium elliottiiFooDB
Vaccinium macrocarponFooDB
Vaccinium myrtilloidesFooDB
Vaccinium myrtillusFooDB
Vaccinium ovalifoliumFooDB
Vaccinium ovatumFooDB
Vaccinium oxycoccosFooDB
Vaccinium parvifoliumFooDB
Vaccinium reticulatumFooDB
Vaccinium stamineumFooDB
Vaccinium uliginosumFooDB
Vaccinium vitis-idaeaKNApSAcK Database
Valerianella locustaFooDB
VanillaFooDB
Verbena officinalisFooDB
Viburnum eduleFooDB
Vicia fabaFooDB
Vigna aconitifoliaFooDB
Vigna angularisFooDB
Vigna mungoFooDB
Vigna radiataFooDB
Vigna umbellataFooDB
Vigna unguiculataFooDB
Vigna unguiculata ssp. cylindricaFooDB
Vigna unguiculata ssp. unguiculataFooDB
Vigna unguiculata var. sesquipedalisFooDB
VitisFooDB
Vitis aestivalisFooDB
Vitis labruscaFooDB
Vitis rotundifoliaFooDB
Vitis vinifera L.FooDB
Xanthium canadenseKNApSAcK Database
Xanthium strumariumLOTUS Database
Xanthosoma sagittifoliumFooDB
Zea mays L.FooDB
Zingiber officinaleFooDB
ZizaniaFooDB
Zizania aquaticaFooDB
Ziziphus zizyphusFooDB
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroquinones. Hydroquinones are compounds containing a hydroquinone moiety, which consists of a benzene ring with a hydroxyl groups at positions 1 and 4.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassBenzenoids
ClassPhenols
Sub ClassBenzenediols
Direct ParentHydroquinones
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Hydroquinone
  • 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid
  • Monocyclic benzene moiety
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Aromatic homomonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point172.3 °CNot Available
Boiling Point286.00 to 288.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm HgThe Good Scents Company Information System
Water Solubility72 mg/mL at 25 °CNot Available
LogP0.59Hansch CH, Leo A and Hoekman DH. "Exploring QSAR: Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constraints. Volume 1" ACS Publications (1995).
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility95.5 g/LALOGPS
logP0.71ALOGPS
logP1.37ChemAxon
logS-0.06ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)9.68ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-5.9ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count2ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area40.46 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count0ChemAxon
Refractivity30.02 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability10.75 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings1ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
HMDB IDHMDB0002434
DrugBank IDDB09526
Phenol Explorer Compound ID660
FoodDB IDFDB030688
KNApSAcK IDC00002656
Chemspider ID764
KEGG Compound IDC00530
BioCyc IDHYDROQUINONE
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkHydroquinone
METLIN ID6681
PubChem Compound785
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID17594
Good Scents IDrw1250911
References
General References
  1. McDonald TA, Holland NT, Skibola C, Duramad P, Smith MT: Hypothesis: phenol and hydroquinone derived mainly from diet and gastrointestinal flora activity are causal factors in leukemia. Leukemia. 2001 Jan;15(1):10-20. [PubMed:11243376 ]
  2. Gaskell M, McLuckie KI, Farmer PB: Comparison of the repair of DNA damage induced by the benzene metabolites hydroquinone and p-benzoquinone: a role for hydroquinone in benzene genotoxicity. Carcinogenesis. 2005 Mar;26(3):673-80. Epub 2004 Dec 23. [PubMed:15618234 ]
  3. Inayat-Hussain SH, McGuinness SM, Johansson R, Lundstrom J, Ross D: Caspase-dependent and -independent mechanisms in apoptosis induced by hydroquinone and catechol metabolites of remoxipride in HL-60 cells. Chem Biol Interact. 2000 Aug 15;128(1):51-63. [PubMed:10996300 ]
  4. Carbonnelle P, Lison D, Leroy JY, Lauwerys R: Effect of the benzene metabolite, hydroquinone, on interleukin-1 secretion by human monocytes in vitro. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1995 Jun;132(2):220-6. [PubMed:7540334 ]
  5. Keh ES, Hayakawa I, Takahashi H, Watanabe A, Iwasaki Y, Akiyoshi K, Nakabayashi N: Improving a self-curing dental resin by eliminating oxygen, hydroquinone and water from its curing process. Dent Mater J. 2002 Dec;21(4):373-82. [PubMed:12608426 ]
  6. Subrahmanyam VV, Kolachana P, Smith MT: Hydroxylation of phenol to hydroquinone catalyzed by a human myeloperoxidase-superoxide complex: possible implications in benzene-induced myelotoxicity. Free Radic Res Commun. 1991;15(5):285-96. [PubMed:1666626 ]
  7. Li X, Zhuang Z, Liu J, Huang H, Wei Q, Yang X: [Protein changes in human embryonic lung fibroblasts after hydroquinone stimulation using proteomic technique]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2004 Nov;33(6):654-7. [PubMed:15727168 ]
  8. Bucks DA, McMaster JR, Guy RH, Maibach HI: Percutaneous absorption of hydroquinone in humans: effect of 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one (azone) and the 2-ethylhexyl ester of 4-(dimethylamino)benzoic acid (Escalol 507). J Toxicol Environ Health. 1988;24(3):279-89. [PubMed:3260963 ]
  9. Barber ED, Hill T, Schum DB: The percutaneous absorption of hydroquinone (HQ) through rat and human skin in vitro. Toxicol Lett. 1995 Oct;80(1-3):167-72. [PubMed:7482585 ]
  10. Boyle J, Kennedy CT: Hydroquinone concentrations in skin lightening creams. Br J Dermatol. 1986 Apr;114(4):501-4. [PubMed:3964548 ]
  11. Nilsson LB: High sensitivity determination of the remoxipride hydroquinone metabolite NCQ-344 in plasma by coupled column reversed-phase liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection. Biomed Chromatogr. 1998 Mar-Apr;12(2):65-8. [PubMed:9568272 ]
  12. Oliveira NL, Kalf GF: Induced differentiation of HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells to monocyte/macrophages is inhibited by hydroquinone, a hematotoxic metabolite of benzene. Blood. 1992 Feb 1;79(3):627-33. [PubMed:1732008 ]
  13. Wester RC, Melendres J, Hui X, Cox R, Serranzana S, Zhai H, Quan D, Maibach HI: Human in vivo and in vitro hydroquinone topical bioavailability, metabolism, and disposition. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 1998 Jun 26;54(4):301-17. [PubMed:9638901 ]
  14. Kooyers TJ, Westerhof W: [Toxicological aspects and health risks associated with hydroquinone in skin bleaching formula]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2004 Apr 17;148(16):768-71. [PubMed:15129564 ]