Record Information |
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Version | 2.0 |
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Created at | 2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC |
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Updated at | 2020-11-24 22:15:17 UTC |
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NP-MRD ID | NP0000411 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | None |
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Natural Product Identification |
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Common Name | 3-Hydroxymethylglutaric acid |
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Description | 3-Hydroxymethylglutaric acid is an "off-product" intermediate in the leucine degradation process. It is produced by defective or inefficient versions of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase, an enzyme that normally catalyzes the conversion of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA to acetyl-CoA and acetoacetate. If this enzyme is defective, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA will accumulate in the mitochondria. Increased concentrations of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA can lead to a disruption of the esterified CoA:Free CoA ratio and ultimately to mitochondrial toxicity. Detoxification of these CoA end products occurs via the transfer of the 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl moiety to carnitine, forming 3-hydroxymethylglutaric-carnitine, which is then transferred across the inner mitochondrial membrane where 3-hydroxymethylglutaric acid is released as the free acid. 3-Hydroxymethylglutaric acid has been found to accumulate in the urine of patients affected by 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria, a rare inborn error of metabolism (OMIM: 246450 ). 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria is caused by significantly reduced enzyme activity of the intramitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase (EC 4.1.3.4), The enzyme that catalyzes the final step of leucine degradation. This enzyme also plays a key role in ketone body formation. The profile of urinary organic acids for individuals with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria is different from that of the other identified defects of leucine degradation, such as maple syrup urine disease (OMIM: 248600 ), Isovaleric acidemia (OMIM: 243500 ), And methylcrotonylglycinemia (OMIM: 210200 ). The urinary organic acid profile of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria includes elevated concentrations of 3-hydroxy-3-isovaleric, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric, 3-methylglutaconic, and 3-methylglutaric acids (PMID: 10916782 , 9658458 , 3063529 ). Clinical manifestations of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria include hepatomegaly, lethargy, coma, and apnea. Biochemically, there is a characteristic absence of ketosis with hypoglycemia, acidosis, hypertransaminasemia, and variable hyperammonemia. Therefore, when present in sufficiently high concentrations, 3-hydroxymethylglutaric acid can act as an acidogen and a metabotoxin. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. As noted above, chronically high levels of 3-hydroxymethylglutaric acid are associated with the inborn error of metabolism 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency. 3-Hydroxymethylglutaric acid is an organic acid. Abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to heart, liver, and kidney abnormalities, seizures, coma, and possibly death. These are also the characteristic symptoms of the untreated IEMs mentioned above. Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. In adults, acidosis or acidemia is characterized by headaches, confusion, feeling tired, tremors, sleepiness, and seizures. |
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Structure | InChI=1S/C6H10O5/c1-6(11,2-4(7)8)3-5(9)10/h11H,2-3H2,1H3,(H,7,8)(H,9,10) |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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(S)-3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid | ChEBI | (S)-Meglutol | ChEBI | 3-HYDROXY-3-methyl-glutarIC ACID | ChEBI | 3-Hydroxy-3-methylpentanedioic acid | ChEBI | beta-Hydroxy-beta-methylglutaric acid | ChEBI | Dicrotalic acid | ChEBI | Meglutol | ChEBI | Meglutolum | ChEBI | 3-Hydorxy-3-methylglutaric acid | Kegg | (S)-3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutarate | Generator | 3-HYDROXY-3-methyl-glutarate | Generator | 3-Hydroxy-3-methylpentanedioate | Generator | b-Hydroxy-b-methylglutarate | Generator | b-Hydroxy-b-methylglutaric acid | Generator | beta-Hydroxy-beta-methylglutarate | Generator | Β-hydroxy-β-methylglutarate | Generator | Β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaric acid | Generator | Dicrotalate | Generator | 3-Hydorxy-3-methylglutarate | Generator | 3-Hydroxymethylglutarate | Generator | 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutarate | HMDB | 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid | HMDB | 3-Methyl-3-hydroxyglutarate | HMDB | 3-Methyl-3-hydroxyglutaric acid | HMDB | CB 337 | HMDB | 3 Hydroxy 3 methylpentanedioic acid | HMDB | Acid, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric | HMDB | Acid, 3-hydroxy-3-methylpentanedioic | HMDB | beta Hydroxy beta methylglutarate | HMDB | 3 Hydroxy 3 methylglutaric acid | HMDB | 3-Methyl-3-hydroxypentanedioate | HMDB | 3-Methyl-3-hydroxypentanedioic acid | HMDB | HMG | HMDB | HMGA | HMDB | Lipoglutaren | HMDB | Medroglutarate | HMDB | Medroglutaric acid | HMDB |
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Chemical Formula | C6H10O5 |
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Average Mass | 162.1406 Da |
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Monoisotopic Mass | 162.05282 Da |
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IUPAC Name | 3-hydroxy-3-methylpentanedioic acid |
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Traditional Name | meglutol |
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CAS Registry Number | 503-49-1 |
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SMILES | CC(O)(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C6H10O5/c1-6(11,2-4(7)8)3-5(9)10/h11H,2-3H2,1H3,(H,7,8)(H,9,10) |
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InChI Key | NPOAOTPXWNWTSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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Experimental Spectra |
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| Spectrum Type | Description | Depositor Email | Depositor Organization | Depositor | Deposition Date | View |
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1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H2O, experimental) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 2D NMR | [1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum |
| Predicted Spectra |
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| Not Available | Chemical Shift Submissions |
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| Not Available | Species |
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Species of Origin | |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxy fatty acids. These are fatty acids in which the chain bears a hydroxyl group. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Lipids and lipid-like molecules |
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Class | Fatty Acyls |
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Sub Class | Fatty acids and conjugates |
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Direct Parent | Hydroxy fatty acids |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Methyl-branched fatty acid
- Short-chain hydroxy acid
- Hydroxy fatty acid
- Branched fatty acid
- Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
- Tertiary alcohol
- Carboxylic acid
- Carboxylic acid derivative
- Organic oxygen compound
- Organic oxide
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organooxygen compound
- Carbonyl group
- Alcohol
- Aliphatic acyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aliphatic acyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | 105 °C | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | Not Available | Not Available | LogP | Not Available | Not Available |
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Predicted Properties | |
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General References | - Fu Z, Runquist JA, Forouhar F, Hussain M, Hunt JF, Miziorko HM, Kim JJ: Crystal structure of human 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA Lyase: insights into catalysis and the molecular basis for hydroxymethylglutaric aciduria. J Biol Chem. 2006 Mar 17;281(11):7526-32. Epub 2005 Dec 5. [PubMed:16330550 ]
- Mitchell GA, Jakobs C, Gibson KM, Robert MF, Burlina A, Dionisi-Vici C, Dallaire L: Molecular prenatal diagnosis of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA lyase deficiency. Prenat Diagn. 1995 Aug;15(8):725-9. [PubMed:7479590 ]
- Wysocki SJ, Wilkinson SP, Hahnel R, Wong CY, Panegyres PK: 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria, combined with 3-methylglutaconic aciduria. Clin Chim Acta. 1976 Aug 2;70(3):399-406. [PubMed:947633 ]
- Truscott RJ, Halpern B, Wysocki SJ, Hahnel R, Wilcken B: Studies on a child suspected of having a dficiency in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Co A lyase. Clin Chim Acta. 1979 Jul 2;95(1):11-16. [PubMed:509721 ]
- Koling S, Kalhoff H, Schauerte P, Lehnert W, Diekmann L: [3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaraciduria (case report of a female Turkish sisters with 3-hydroxy-3- methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A lyase deficiency]. Klin Padiatr. 2000 May-Jun;212(3):113-6. [PubMed:10916782 ]
- Eiris J, Ribes A, Fernandez-Prieto R, Rodriguez-Garcia J, Rodriguez-Segade S, Castro-Gago M: [3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria and recurrent Reye-like syndrome]. Rev Neurol. 1998 Jun;26(154):911-4. [PubMed:9658458 ]
- Gibson KM, Breuer J, Nyhan WL: 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A lyase deficiency: review of 18 reported patients. Eur J Pediatr. 1988 Dec;148(3):180-6. [PubMed:3063529 ]
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