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Record Information
Version2.0
Created at2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
Updated at2020-11-24 22:15:09 UTC
NP-MRD IDNP0000393
Secondary Accession NumbersNone
Natural Product Identification
Common Name7-Ketocholesterol
Description7-Ketocholesterol is a major oxidation product of cholesterol (oxysterol) found in human atherosclerotic plaque and is more atherogenic than cholesterol in some animal studies. Oxysterols (oxygenated forms of cholesterol) are present at low levels in the circulation and accumulate is plasma and tissues in some pathologies. In atherosclerotic lesions, 7-oxygenated oxysterols, predominantly 7-ketocholesterol, accumulate and have been implicated in the pathology of the disease. There is some in vivo and in vitro evidence that sterol 27-hydroxylase acts on 7-ketocholesterol to initiate its degradation to more polar, water-soluble products. Recent studies indicate an alternative mechanism, in which 7-ketocholesterol is reduced to 7 beta-hydroxycholesterol by 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. 7-Ketocholesterol can inhibit cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase, the rate-limiting step in bile acid biosynthesis, as well as strongly inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It has even been suggested that 7-ketocholesterol is formed enzymically as an endogenous regulator of cholesterol biosynthesis. However, when tested as a pharmacological cholesterol-lowering agent, inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase was rapidly overcome and the 7-ketocholesterol metabolised. In vitro, 7-ketocholesterol has wide-ranging and potent effects, most of which have the potential to contribute to atherosclerosis. For example, 7-ketocholesterol can be cytotoxic and can induce apoptosis in vascular cells. These effects, either individually or more likely, in combination, all implicate 7-ketocholesterol in the initiation and development of atherosclerosis, but further work is needed to establish whether or not its role is a direct causal one. 7-Ketocholesterol is the second most abundant oxysterol found in human atherosclerotic plaque, after the enzymically formed 27-hydroxycholesterol (cholest-5-ene-3beta,27-diol). 7-Ketocholesterol differs from cholesterol by a ketone functional group present at the 7-position. It is produced from cholesterol via the epimeric cholesterol 7-hydroperoxides (cholest-5-ene-3beta-ol-7-hydroperoxide) which decompose to the epimeric 7-hydroxycholesterols (cholest-5-ene-3beta,7-diol) and 7-ketocholesterol. 7-Ketocholesterol is a major dietary oxysterol. It has also been widely suggested that 7-ketocholesterol present in atherosclerotic tissue may be derived from the diet. Certainly, 7-ketocholesterol is a major oxysterol found in cholesterol-rich processed foodstuffs. Dietary 7-ketocholesterol is rapidly metabolised by the liver to 7beta-hydroxycholesterol (cholest-5-ene-3beta,7beta-diol), unusual bile acids and perhaps even cholesterol itself. Its conversion to 7beta-hydroxycholesterol is well documented. (PMID: 15798369 , 10224662 ).
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
ValueSource
3b-Hydroxycholest-5-en-7-oneHMDB
7-OxocholesterolHMDB
Cholest-5-en-3b-ol-7-oneHMDB
Delta5-Cholesten-3b-ol-7-oneHMDB
3beta-Hydroxy-5-cholestene-7-oneHMDB
5-Cholesten-3 beta-ol-7-oneHMDB
Chemical FormulaC27H44O2
Average Mass400.6371 Da
Monoisotopic Mass400.33413 Da
IUPAC Name(1S,2R,10S,11S,15R)-5-hydroxy-2,15-dimethyl-14-[(2R)-6-methylheptan-2-yl]tetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadec-7-en-9-one
Traditional Name(1S,2R,10S,11S,15R)-5-hydroxy-2,15-dimethyl-14-[(2R)-6-methylheptan-2-yl]tetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadec-7-en-9-one
CAS Registry Number566-28-9
SMILES
[H][C@@]12CCC([C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)[C@@]1(C)CC[C@@]1([H])[C@@]2([H])C(=O)C=C2CC(O)CC[C@]12C
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C27H44O2/c1-17(2)7-6-8-18(3)21-9-10-22-25-23(12-14-27(21,22)5)26(4)13-11-20(28)15-19(26)16-24(25)29/h16-18,20-23,25,28H,6-15H2,1-5H3/t18-,20?,21?,22+,23+,25+,26+,27-/m1/s1
InChI KeyYIKKMWSQVKJCOP-QJFKPLHKSA-N
Experimental Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionDepositor EmailDepositor OrganizationDepositorDeposition DateView
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, CDCl3, experimental)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
2D NMR[1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, CDCl3, experimental)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
Predicted Spectra
Not Available
Chemical Shift Submissions
Not Available
Species
Species of Origin
Species NameSourceReference
Abies pinsapoLOTUS Database
Anas platyrhynchosFooDB
AnatidaeFooDB
Anser anserFooDB
Biomphalaria tenagophilaLOTUS Database
Bison bisonFooDB
Bombyx moriLOTUS Database
Bos taurusFooDB
Bos taurus X Bison bisonFooDB
Bubalus bubalisFooDB
Capra aegagrus hircusFooDB
CervidaeFooDB
Cervus canadensisFooDB
Chlorella vulgarisLOTUS Database
Cliona viridisLOTUS Database
ColumbaFooDB
ColumbidaeFooDB
Costus tonkinensisLOTUS Database
Cryptosula pallasianaLOTUS Database
Dromaius novaehollandiaeFooDB
Equus caballusFooDB
Gallus gallusFooDB
Lagopus mutaFooDB
LeporidaeFooDB
Lepus timidusFooDB
Melanitta fuscaFooDB
Melanothamnus somalensisLOTUS Database
Meleagris gallopavoFooDB
Numida meleagrisFooDB
OdocoileusFooDB
OryctolagusFooDB
Ovis ariesFooDB
PhasianidaeFooDB
Phasianus colchicusFooDB
Rana temporariaLOTUS Database
Struthio camelusFooDB
Sus scrofaFooDB
Sus scrofa domesticaFooDB
Trachyrhamphus serratusLOTUS Database
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as cholesterols and derivatives. Cholesterols and derivatives are compounds containing a 3-hydroxylated cholestane core.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassLipids and lipid-like molecules
ClassSteroids and steroid derivatives
Sub ClassCholestane steroids
Direct ParentCholesterols and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Cholesterol
  • Cholesterol-skeleton
  • 3-hydroxy-delta-5-steroid
  • 3-hydroxysteroid
  • 7-oxosteroid
  • Oxosteroid
  • Hydroxysteroid
  • Delta-5-steroid
  • Cyclohexenone
  • Cyclic alcohol
  • Secondary alcohol
  • Ketone
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Carbonyl group
  • Alcohol
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Aliphatic homopolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic homopolycyclic compounds
External DescriptorsNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point168 - 170 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.00021 g/LALOGPS
logP5.8ALOGPS
logP6.55ChemAxon
logS-6.3ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)17.39ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-1.4ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count2ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area37.3 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count5ChemAxon
Refractivity121.26 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability50.9 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings4ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveNoChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
HMDB IDHMDB0000501
DrugBank IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FoodDB IDFDB022079
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider ID59651438
KEGG Compound IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkNot Available
METLIN ID5487
PubChem Compound53477696
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI IDNot Available
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
General References
  1. Pedruzzi E, Guichard C, Ollivier V, Driss F, Fay M, Prunet C, Marie JC, Pouzet C, Samadi M, Elbim C, O'dowd Y, Bens M, Vandewalle A, Gougerot-Pocidalo MA, Lizard G, Ogier-Denis E: NAD(P)H oxidase Nox-4 mediates 7-ketocholesterol-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in human aortic smooth muscle cells. Mol Cell Biol. 2004 Dec;24(24):10703-17. [PubMed:15572675 ]
  2. Schweizer RA, Zurcher M, Balazs Z, Dick B, Odermatt A: Rapid hepatic metabolism of 7-ketocholesterol by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1: species-specific differences between the rat, human, and hamster enzyme. J Biol Chem. 2004 Apr 30;279(18):18415-24. Epub 2004 Feb 18. [PubMed:14973125 ]
  3. Miguet-Alfonsi C, Prunet C, Monier S, Bessede G, Lemaire-Ewing S, Berthier A, Menetrier F, Neel D, Gambert P, Lizard G: Analysis of oxidative processes and of myelin figures formation before and after the loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential during 7beta-hydroxycholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol-induced apoptosis: comparison with various pro-apoptotic chemicals. Biochem Pharmacol. 2002 Aug 1;64(3):527-41. [PubMed:12147305 ]
  4. Dulak J, Jozkowicz A, Dichtl W, Alber H, Schwarzacher SP, Pachinger O, Weidinger F: Vascular endothelial growth factor synthesis in vascular smooth muscle cells is enhanced by 7-ketocholesterol and lysophosphatidylcholine independently of their effect on nitric oxide generation. Atherosclerosis. 2001 Dec;159(2):325-32. [PubMed:11730812 ]
  5. Miguet C, Monier S, Bettaieb A, Athias A, Bessede G, Laubriet A, Lemaire S, Neel D, Gambert P, Lizard G: Ceramide generation occurring during 7beta-hydroxycholesterol- and 7-ketocholesterol-induced apoptosis is caspase independent and is not required to trigger cell death. Cell Death Differ. 2001 Jan;8(1):83-99. [PubMed:11313706 ]
  6. Lyons MA, Brown AJ: Metabolism of an oxysterol, 7-ketocholesterol, by sterol 27-hydroxylase in HepG2 cells. Lipids. 2001 Jul;36(7):701-11. [PubMed:11521968 ]
  7. Berthier A, Lemaire-Ewing S, Prunet C, Montange T, Vejux A, Pais de Barros JP, Monier S, Gambert P, Lizard G, Neel D: 7-Ketocholesterol-induced apoptosis. Involvement of several pro-apoptotic but also anti-apoptotic calcium-dependent transduction pathways. FEBS J. 2005 Jun;272(12):3093-104. [PubMed:15955068 ]
  8. Monier S, Samadi M, Prunet C, Denance M, Laubriet A, Athias A, Berthier A, Steinmetz E, Jurgens G, Negre-Salvayre A, Bessede G, Lemaire-Ewing S, Neel D, Gambert P, Lizard G: Impairment of the cytotoxic and oxidative activities of 7 beta-hydroxycholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol by esterification with oleate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003 Apr 11;303(3):814-24. [PubMed:12670484 ]
  9. Lizard G, Moisant M, Cordelet C, Monier S, Gambert P, Lagrost L: Induction of similar features of apoptosis in human and bovine vascular endothelial cells treated by 7-ketocholesterol. J Pathol. 1997 Nov;183(3):330-8. [PubMed:9422990 ]
  10. Tuomainen TP, Diczfalusy U, Kaikkonen J, Nyyssonen K, Salonen JT: Serum ferritin concentration is associated with plasma levels of cholesterol oxidation products in man. Free Radic Biol Med. 2003 Oct 15;35(8):922-8. [PubMed:14556856 ]
  11. Scopesi F, Zunin P, Mazzella M, Testa M, Boggia R, Evangelisti F, Serra G: 7-ketocholesterol in human and adapted milk formulas. Clin Nutr. 2002 Oct;21(5):379-84. [PubMed:12381334 ]
  12. Zhang Y, Yu C, Liu J, Spencer TA, Chang CC, Chang TY: Cholesterol is superior to 7-ketocholesterol or 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol as an allosteric activator for acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase 1. J Biol Chem. 2003 Mar 28;278(13):11642-7. Epub 2003 Jan 17. [PubMed:12533546 ]
  13. Shimozawa M, Naito Y, Manabe H, Uchiyama K, Kuroda M, Katada K, Yoshida N, Yoshikawa T: 7-Ketocholesterol enhances the expression of adhesion molecules on human aortic endothelial cells by increasing the production of reactive oxygen species. Redox Rep. 2004;9(6):370-5. [PubMed:15720835 ]
  14. Ghelli A, Porcelli AM, Zanna C, Rugolo M: 7-Ketocholesterol and staurosporine induce opposite changes in intracellular pH, associated with distinct types of cell death in ECV304 cells. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2002 Jun 15;402(2):208-17. [PubMed:12051665 ]
  15. Martinet W, De Bie M, Schrijvers DM, De Meyer GR, Herman AG, Kockx MM: 7-ketocholesterol induces protein ubiquitination, myelin figure formation, and light chain 3 processing in vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004 Dec;24(12):2296-301. Epub 2004 Sep 30. [PubMed:15458974 ]
  16. Hayden JM, Brachova L, Higgins K, Obermiller L, Sevanian A, Khandrika S, Reaven PD: Induction of monocyte differentiation and foam cell formation in vitro by 7-ketocholesterol. J Lipid Res. 2002 Jan;43(1):26-35. [PubMed:11792719 ]
  17. Jessup W, Brown AJ: Novel routes for metabolism of 7-ketocholesterol. Rejuvenation Res. 2005 Spring;8(1):9-12. [PubMed:15798369 ]
  18. Huang RF, Yaong HC, Chen SC, Lu YF: In vitro folate supplementation alleviates oxidative stress, mitochondria-associated death signalling and apoptosis induced by 7-ketocholesterol. Br J Nutr. 2004 Dec;92(6):887-94. [PubMed:15613250 ]
  19. Kahn E, Vejux A, Lizard G, Bessede G, Frouin F, Prunet C, Bernengo JC, Brau F, Todd-Pokropek A, Gambert P: Analysis of the fluorescence of monodansylcadaverine-positive cytoplasmic structures during 7-ketocholesterol-induced cell death. Anal Quant Cytol Histol. 2004 Feb;26(1):47-56. [PubMed:15032081 ]
  20. Kahn E, Vejux A, Dumas D, Montange T, Frouin F, Robert V, Riedinger JM, Stoltz JF, Gambert P, Todd-Pokropek A, Lizard G: FRET multiphoton spectral imaging microscopy of 7-ketocholesterol and Nile Red in U937 monocytic cells loaded with 7-ketocholesterol. Anal Quant Cytol Histol. 2004 Dec;26(6):304-13. [PubMed:15678612 ]
  21. Lyons MA, Brown AJ: 7-Ketocholesterol. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 1999 Mar-Apr;31(3-4):369-75. [PubMed:10224662 ]