Record Information |
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Version | 2.0 |
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Created at | 2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC |
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Updated at | 2021-10-07 20:41:54 UTC |
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NP-MRD ID | NP0000391 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | None |
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Natural Product Identification |
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Common Name | Thymidine |
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Description | Thymidine, also known as deoxythymidine or deoxyribosylthymine or thymine deoxyriboside, is a pyrimidine deoxynucleoside. It consists of the nucleobase thymine attached to deoxyribose through a beta N- glycosidic bond. Thymidine also belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosides. Pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosides are compounds consisting of a pyrimidine linked to a ribose which lacks a hydroxyl group at position 2. Deoxythymidine (or thymidine) is the DNA nucleoside T, which pairs with deoxyadenosine (A) in double-stranded DNA. Therefore, thymidine is essential to all life. Indeed, thymidine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, thymidine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, thymidine can be biosynthesized from 5-thymidylic acid through its interaction with the enzyme cytosolic purine 5'-nucleotidase. In addition, thymidine can be converted into 5-thymidylic acid; which is catalyzed by the enzyme thymidine kinase. Deoxythymidine can be phosphorylated with one, two or three phosphoric acid groups, creating dTMP (deoxythymidine monophosphate), dTDP, or dTTP (for the di- and tri- phosphates, respectively). DTMP can be incorporated into DNA via DNA polymerases. In cell biology, thymidine can be used to synchronize the cells in S phase. Derivatives of thymidine are used in a number of drugs, including Azidothymidine (AZT), which is used in the treatment of HIV infection. AZT inhibits the process of reverse transcription in the human immunodeficiency virus. |
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Structure | CC1=CN([C@H]2C[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O2)C(=O)NC1=O InChI=1S/C10H14N2O5/c1-5-3-12(10(16)11-9(5)15)8-2-6(14)7(4-13)17-8/h3,6-8,13-14H,2,4H2,1H3,(H,11,15,16)/t6-,7+,8+/m0/s1 |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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1-(2-Deoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-5-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione | ChEBI | 2'-Deoxy-5-methyluridine | ChEBI | 2'-Deoxythymidine | ChEBI | 2'-Thymidine | ChEBI | 5-Methyl-2'-deoxyuridine | ChEBI | Deoxythymidine | ChEBI | DTHD | ChEBI | T | ChEBI | Thymine 2'-deoxyriboside | ChEBI | 1-(2-Deoxy-b-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-5-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione | Generator | 1-(2-Deoxy-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-5-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione | Generator | 1-(2-Deoxy-b-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-5-methyl-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione | HMDB | 1-(2-Deoxy-beta-delta-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-5-methyl-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione | HMDB | 1-[4-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-5-methyl-pyrimidine-2,4-dione | HMDB | 2'-Deoxy-5-methyl-uridine | HMDB | 5-Methyldeoxyuridine | HMDB | Deoxyribothymidine | HMDB | DT | HMDB | DThyd | HMDB | Thymidin | HMDB | Thymine 2-desoxyriboside | HMDB | Thymine deoxyriboside | HMDB | Thymine-1 2-deoxy-b-D-ribofuranoside | HMDB | Thymine-1 2-deoxy-beta-delta-ribofuranoside | HMDB | 2' Deoxythymidine | HMDB |
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Chemical Formula | C10H14N2O5 |
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Average Mass | 242.2286 Da |
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Monoisotopic Mass | 242.09027 Da |
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IUPAC Name | 1-[(2R,4S,5R)-4-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-5-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-2,4-dione |
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Traditional Name | thymidine |
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CAS Registry Number | 50-89-5 |
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SMILES | CC1=CN([C@H]2C[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O2)C(=O)NC1=O |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C10H14N2O5/c1-5-3-12(10(16)11-9(5)15)8-2-6(14)7(4-13)17-8/h3,6-8,13-14H,2,4H2,1H3,(H,11,15,16)/t6-,7+,8+/m0/s1 |
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InChI Key | IQFYYKKMVGJFEH-XLPZGREQSA-N |
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Experimental Spectra |
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| Spectrum Type | Description | Depositor Email | Depositor Organization | Depositor | Deposition Date | View |
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1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 2D NMR | [1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum |
| Predicted Spectra |
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| Not Available | Chemical Shift Submissions |
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| Not Available | Species |
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Species of Origin | |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosides. Pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosides are compounds consisting of a pyrimidine linked to a ribose which lacks a hydroxyl group at position 2. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues |
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Class | Pyrimidine nucleosides |
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Sub Class | Pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosides |
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Direct Parent | Pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosides |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside
- Pyrimidone
- Hydroxypyrimidine
- Hydropyrimidine
- Pyrimidine
- Heteroaromatic compound
- Tetrahydrofuran
- Secondary alcohol
- Oxacycle
- Azacycle
- Organoheterocyclic compound
- Alcohol
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organic oxide
- Organopnictogen compound
- Organic oxygen compound
- Primary alcohol
- Organooxygen compound
- Organonitrogen compound
- Organic nitrogen compound
- Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | Not Available | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | 73.5 mg/mL | Not Available | LogP | -0.93 | Sangster, J. (1993). LOGKOW- a Databank of Evaluated Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients. Sangster Research Laboratories, Montreal. |
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Predicted Properties | |
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General References | - Eells JT, Spector R: Purine and pyrimidine base and nucleoside concentrations in human cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. Neurochem Res. 1983 Nov;8(11):1451-7. [PubMed:6656991 ]
- Zhao R, Zhang S, Hanscom M, Chattopadhyay S, Goldman ID: Loss of reduced folate carrier function and folate depletion result in enhanced pemetrexed inhibition of purine synthesis. Clin Cancer Res. 2005 Feb 1;11(3):1294-301. [PubMed:15709201 ]
- Robins HI, Tutsch K, Katschinski DM, Jacobson E, Mehta M, Olsen M, Cohen JD, Tiggelaar CL, Arzoomanian RZ, Alberti D, Feierabend C, Wilding G: Phase I trial of intravenous thymidine and carboplatin in patients with advanced cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1999 Sep;17(9):2922-31. [PubMed:10561372 ]
- Vogel W, Schempp W, Sigwarth I: Comparison of thymidine, fluorodeoxyuridine, hydroxyurea, and methotrexate blocking at the G1/S phase transition of the cell cycle, studied by replication patterns. Hum Genet. 1978 Dec 18;45(2):193-8. [PubMed:153886 ]
- Schill WB, Miska W: Possible effects of the kallikrein-kinin system on male reproductive functions. Andrologia. 1992 Mar-Apr;24(2):69-75. [PubMed:1318646 ]
- Grinlinton FM, Skinner MA, Birchall NM, Tan PL: Gamma delta + T cells from patients with psoriatic and rheumatoid arthritis respond to streptococcal antigen. J Rheumatol. 1993 Jun;20(6):982-7. [PubMed:8350335 ]
- Schulz CA, Mehta MP, Badie B, McGinn CJ, Robins HI, Hayes L, Chappell R, Volkman J, Binger K, Arzoomanian R, Simon K, Alberti D, Feierabend C, Tutsch KD, Kunugi KA, Wilding G, Kinsella TJ: Continuous 28-day iododeoxyuridine infusion and hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy for malignant glioma: a phase I clinical study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Jul 15;59(4):1107-15. [PubMed:15234045 ]
- Isoda K, Kim H, Hamamoto Y: A study on the mesothelial cell kinetics in pleural effusions by DNA cytophotometry and autoradiography with tritiated thymidine. Acta Pathol Jpn. 1984 Jul;34(4):775-83. [PubMed:6485796 ]
- Ashkenazi S, Cleary KR, Pickering LK, Murray BE, Cleary TG: The association of Shiga toxin and other cytotoxins with the neurologic manifestations of shigellosis. J Infect Dis. 1990 May;161(5):961-5. [PubMed:2324546 ]
- Abelson HT, Fosburg MT, Beardsley GP, Goorin AM, Gorka C, Link M, Link D: Methotrexate-induced renal impairment: clinical studies and rescue from systemic toxicity with high-dose leucovorin and thymidine. J Clin Oncol. 1983 Mar;1(3):208-16. [PubMed:6607976 ]
- Svendsen LB, Stener Jorgensen F, Hart Hansen O, Johansen A, Horn T, Larsen JK: Influence of the prostaglandin E1 analogue Rioprostil on the human gastric mucosa. Digestion. 1987;37(1):29-34. [PubMed:3111919 ]
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