Record Information |
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Version | 2.0 |
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Created at | 2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC |
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Updated at | 2020-11-24 22:14:45 UTC |
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NP-MRD ID | NP0000344 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | None |
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Natural Product Identification |
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Common Name | Glutaconic acid |
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Description | Glutaconic acid is related to the fully saturated glutaric acid and belongs to the class of compounds known as dicarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups. Glutaconic acid is soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Glutaconic acid has been detected in the urine of individuals with inborn errors of metabolism. When present in sufficiently high levels, glutaconic acid can act as an acidogen, a neurotoxin, and a metabotoxin. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A neurotoxin is a compound that is toxic to neural tissues and cells. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of glutaconic acid are associated with glutaric aciduria type I (glutaric acidemia type I, glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, GA1, or GAT1). GA1 is an inherited disorder in which the body is unable to completely break down the amino acids lysine, hydroxylysine and tryptophan. Excessive levels of their intermediate breakdown products (e.G. Glutaric acid, glutaryl-CoA, 3-hydroxyglutaric acid, glutaconic acid) can accumulate and cause damage to the brain (and also other organs). Babies with glutaric acidemia type I are often born with unusually large heads (macrocephaly). Macrocephaly is amongst the earliest signs of GA1. GA1 also causes secondary carnitine deficiency because glutaconic acid, like other organic acids, is detoxified by carnitine. Abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to heart, liver, and kidney abnormalities, seizures, coma, and possibly death. These are also the characteristic symptoms of untreated glutaric aciduria. Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. In adults, acidosis or acidemia is characterized by headaches, confusion, feeling tired, tremors, sleepiness, and seizures. Glutaconic acid's neurotoxicity is thought to be partially caused by an excitotoxic mechanism in which glutaconic acid overactivates N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Accumulating trans-glutaconic (TG) acids have been proposed to be involved in the development of the striatal degeneration seen in children with glutaric acidemia type I via an excitotoxic mechanism. |
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Structure | InChI=1S/C5H6O4/c6-4(7)2-1-3-5(8)9/h1-2H,3H2,(H,6,7)(H,8,9)/b2-1+ |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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(e)-Glutaconate | ChEBI | trans-Glutaconate | ChEBI | trans-Glutaconic acid | ChEBI | (e)-Glutaconic acid | Generator | Glutaconate | Generator | (e)-2-Pentenedioate | HMDB | (e)-2-Pentenedioic acid | HMDB | 1,3-Propenedicarboxylate | HMDB | 1,3-Propenedicarboxylic acid | HMDB | 1-Propene-1,3-dicarboxylate | HMDB | 1-Propene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid | HMDB | Pentenedioate | HMDB | Pentenedioic acid | HMDB | Glutaconic acid, (e)-isomer | HMDB | 2-Pentendioate | HMDB | 2-Pentenedioic acid | HMDB | Glutaconic acid | HMDB |
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Chemical Formula | C5H6O4 |
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Average Mass | 130.0987 Da |
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Monoisotopic Mass | 130.02661 Da |
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IUPAC Name | (2E)-pent-2-enedioic acid |
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Traditional Name | glutaconic acid |
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CAS Registry Number | 1724-02-3 |
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SMILES | OC(=O)C\C=C\C(O)=O |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C5H6O4/c6-4(7)2-1-3-5(8)9/h1-2H,3H2,(H,6,7)(H,8,9)/b2-1+ |
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InChI Key | XVOUMQNXTGKGMA-OWOJBTEDSA-N |
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Experimental Spectra |
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| Spectrum Type | Description | Depositor Email | Depositor Organization | Depositor | Deposition Date | View |
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1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H2O, experimental) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 2D NMR | [1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum |
| Predicted Spectra |
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| Not Available | Chemical Shift Submissions |
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| Not Available | Species |
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Species of Origin | |
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Species Where Detected | |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dicarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Organic acids and derivatives |
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Class | Carboxylic acids and derivatives |
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Sub Class | Dicarboxylic acids and derivatives |
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Direct Parent | Dicarboxylic acids and derivatives |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Fatty acyl
- Fatty acid
- Unsaturated fatty acid
- Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
- Carboxylic acid
- Organic oxygen compound
- Organic oxide
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organooxygen compound
- Carbonyl group
- Aliphatic acyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aliphatic acyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | 133 - 135 °C | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | Not Available | Not Available | LogP | Not Available | Not Available |
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Predicted Properties | |
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General References | - Osaka H, Kimura S, Nezu A, Yamazaki S, Saitoh K, Yamaguchi S: Chronic subdural hematoma, as an initial manifestation of glutaric aciduria type-1. Brain Dev. 1993 Mar-Apr;15(2):125-7. [PubMed:8214331 ]
- Zhou P, Zhou L, Shi Y, Li Z, Liu L, Zuo L, Zhang J, Liang S, Kang J, Du S, Yang J, Sun Z, Zhang X: Neuroprotective Effects of Danshen Chuanxiongqin Injection Against Ischemic Stroke: Metabolomic Insights by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS Analysis. Front Mol Biosci. 2021 May 7;8:630291. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.630291. eCollection 2021. [PubMed:34026822 ]
- Kilavuz S, Bulut D, Kor D, Seker-Yilmaz B, Ozcan N, Incecik F, Onan B, Ceylaner G, Onenli-Mungan N: The outcome of 41 Late-Diagnosed Turkish GA-1 Patients: A Candidate for the Turkish NBS. Neuropediatrics. 2021 Feb 12. doi: 10.1055/s-0040-1722691. [PubMed:33578440 ]
- Lu Y, Shao M, Xiang H, Zheng P, Wu T, Ji G: Integrative transcriptomics and metabolomics explore the mechanism of kaempferol on improving nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Food Funct. 2020 Nov 18;11(11):10058-10069. doi: 10.1039/d0fo02123g. [PubMed:33135718 ]
- Finsterer J, Scorza FA, Fiorini AC, Scorza CA: MEGDEL Syndrome. Pediatr Neurol. 2020 Sep;110:25-29. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2020.03.009. Epub 2020 Jul 16. [PubMed:32684373 ]
- Pereira R, Wei Y, Mohamed E, Radi M, Malina C, Herrgard MJ, Feist AM, Nielsen J, Chen Y: Adaptive laboratory evolution of tolerance to dicarboxylic acids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Metab Eng. 2019 Dec;56:130-141. doi: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.09.008. Epub 2019 Sep 21. [PubMed:31550508 ]
- Roeben B, Schule R, Ruf S, Bender B, Alhaddad B, Benkert T, Meitinger T, Reich S, Bohringer J, Langhans CD, Vaz FM, Wortmann SB, Marquardt T, Haack TB, Krageloh-Mann I, Schols L, Synofzik M: SERAC1 deficiency causes complicated HSP: evidence from a novel splice mutation in a large family. J Med Genet. 2018 Jan;55(1):39-47. doi: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-104622. Epub 2017 Sep 15. [PubMed:28916646 ]
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