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Record Information
Version2.0
Created at2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
Updated at2021-07-01 14:26:57 UTC
NP-MRD IDNP0000301
Secondary Accession NumbersNone
Natural Product Identification
Common NameBilirubin
DescriptionBilirubin is a yellow bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. It occurs in the normal catabolic pathway that breaks down heme in vertebrates. This catabolism is a necessary process in the body's clearance of waste products that arise from the destruction of aged or abnormal red blood cells. Bilirubin has been found in all vertebrates and in certain plants including Strelitzia nicolai (PMID: 28573242 ). Bilirubin levels in humans are elevated in certain diseases such as jaundice and liver disease and it is responsible for the yellow color of bruises and the yellow discoloration in jaundice. Bilirubin breakdown products, such as stercobilin, cause the brown color of feces. A different breakdown product, urobilin, is the main component of the straw-yellow color in urine. Bilirubin consists of an open chain of four pyrroles (tetrapyrrole). It is formed by oxidative cleavage of a porphyrin in heme, which leads to biliverdin, a green tetrapyrrolic bile pigment that is also a product of heme catabolism. Biliverdin is then reduced to bilirubin via biliverdin reductase. After conjugation with glucuronic acid, bilirubin can be excreted in the urine. Bilirubin is structurally similar to the pigment phycobilin used by certain algae to capture light energy, and to the pigment phytochrome used by plants to sense light. Elevated bilirubin levels in humans are associated with Crigler-Najjar syndrome type I, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Crigler-Najjar syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by an inability to properly convert and clear bilirubin from the body. Affected individuals cannot convert unconjugated bilirubin to the conjugated form because they lack a specific liver enzyme required to break down (metabolize) bilirubin. Since they cannot convert bilirubin, they develop abnormally high levels of unconjugated bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia). Crigler-Najjar syndrome is caused by mutations in the UGT1A1 gene. The hallmark finding of Crigler-Najjar syndrome is a persistent yellowing of the skin, mucous membranes and whites of the eyes (jaundice). Elevation of both alanine aminotransferase and bilirubin levels in serum or plasma can be indicative of serious liver injury. High levels of bilirubin are indicative of jaundice, which is easily recognizable due to a yellowing of the skin and eyes. Bilirubin is also an antioxidant. Bilirubin's antioxidant activity may be particularly important in the brain, where it prevents excitotoxicity and neuronal death by scavenging superoxide during N-methyl-D-aspartic acid neurotransmission (PMID: 31353321 ).
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
Chemical FormulaC33H36N4O6
Average Mass584.6621 Da
Monoisotopic Mass584.26348 Da
IUPAC Name3-(2-{[3-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-{[(2Z)-4-ethenyl-3-methyl-5-oxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-2-ylidene]methyl}-4-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl]methyl}-5-{[(2Z)-3-ethenyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-2-ylidene]methyl}-4-methyl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)propanoic acid
Traditional Namebilirubin
CAS Registry Number635-65-4
SMILES
CC1=C(C=C)\C(NC1=O)=C\C1=C(C)C(CCC(O)=O)=C(CC2=C(CCC(O)=O)C(C)=C(N2)\C=C2/NC(=O)C(C=C)=C2C)N1
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C33H36N4O6/c1-7-20-19(6)32(42)37-27(20)14-25-18(5)23(10-12-31(40)41)29(35-25)15-28-22(9-11-30(38)39)17(4)24(34-28)13-26-16(3)21(8-2)33(43)36-26/h7-8,13-14,34-35H,1-2,9-12,15H2,3-6H3,(H,36,43)(H,37,42)(H,38,39)(H,40,41)/b26-13-,27-14-
InChI KeyBPYKTIZUTYGOLE-IFADSCNNSA-N
Experimental Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionDepositor EmailDepositor OrganizationDepositorDeposition DateView
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, 100%_DMSO, experimental)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
2D NMR[1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, 100%_DMSO, experimental)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
Predicted Spectra
Not Available
Chemical Shift Submissions
Not Available
Species
Species of Origin
Species Where Detected
Species NameSourceReference
Bos taurus domesticus GMELINKNApSAcK Database
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as bilirubins. These are organic compounds containing a dicarboxylic acyclic tetrapyrrole derivative.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganoheterocyclic compounds
ClassTetrapyrroles and derivatives
Sub ClassBilirubins
Direct ParentBilirubins
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Bilirubin skeleton
  • Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Substituted pyrrole
  • Pyrrole
  • Pyrroline
  • Heteroaromatic compound
  • Secondary carboxylic acid amide
  • Lactam
  • Carboxamide group
  • Azacycle
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic oxide
  • Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting PointNot AvailableNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility0.009 mg/mL at 25 °CNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.0096 g/LALOGPS
logP3.22ALOGPS
logP3.12ChemAxon
logS-4.8ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)4.03ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-2.8ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-2ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count6ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count6ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area164.38 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count12ChemAxon
Refractivity168.9 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability66.16 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings4ChemAxon
BioavailabilityNoChemAxon
Rule of FiveNoChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
HMDB IDHMDB0000054
DrugBank IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FoodDB IDFDB021886
KNApSAcK IDC00029828
Chemspider ID4444055
KEGG Compound IDC00486
BioCyc IDBILIRUBIN
BiGG ID35117
Wikipedia LinkBilirubin
METLIN ID81
PubChem Compound5280352
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID16990
Good Scents IDrw1223461
References
General References