Np mrd loader

Record Information
Version1.0
Created at2006-05-22 15:12:49 UTC
Updated at2024-04-19 09:52:38 UTC
NP-MRD IDNP0000025
Secondary Accession NumbersNone
Natural Product Identification
Common NameDaidzein
DescriptionDaidzein is one of several known isoflavones. Isoflavones compounds are found in a number of plants, but soybeans and soy products like tofu and textured vegetable protein are the primary food source. Up until recently, daidzein was considered to be one of the most important and most studied isoflavones, however more recently attention has shifted to isoflavone metabolites. Equol represents the main active product of daidzein metabolism, produced via specific microflora in the gut. The clinical effectiveness of soy isoflavones may be a function of the ability to biotransform soy isoflavones to the more potent estrogenic metabolite, equol, which may enhance the actions of soy isoflavones, owing to its greater affinity for estrogen receptors, unique antiandrogenic properties, and superior antioxidant activity. However, not all individuals consuming daidzein produce equol. Only approximately one-third to one-half of the population is able to metabolize daidzein to equol. This high variability in equol production is presumably attributable to interindividual differences in the composition of the intestinal microflora, which may play an important role in the mechanisms of action of isoflavones. But, the specific bacterial species in the colon involved in the production of equol are yet to be discovered. (PMID: 18045128 , 17579894 ). Daidzein is a biomarker for the consumption of soy beans and other soy products.
Structure
Data?1628564076
Synonyms
ValueSource
4',7-DihydroxyisoflavoneChEBI
7,4'-DihydroxyisoflavoneChEBI
7-Hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-benzopyroneChEBI
7-Hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-oneChEBI
DaidzeolChEBI
IsoaurostatinChEBI
4',7-Dihydroxy-isoflavoneHMDB
DiadzeinHMDB
Chemical FormulaC15H10O4
Average Mass254.2410 Da
Monoisotopic Mass254.05791 Da
IUPAC Name7-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one
Traditional Namedaidzein
CAS Registry Number486-66-8
SMILES
[H]OC1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C1=C([H])OC2=C([H])C(O[H])=C([H])C([H])=C2C1=O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C15H10O4/c16-10-3-1-9(2-4-10)13-8-19-14-7-11(17)5-6-12(14)15(13)18/h1-8,16-17H
InChI KeyZQSIJRDFPHDXIC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Experimental Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionDepositor EmailDepositor OrganizationDepositorDeposition DateView
HSQC NMR[1H, 13C] NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, CD3OD, experimental)bgnzk@missouri.eduMU Metabolomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia. MO, USADr. Bharat Goel2023-09-13View Spectrum
HMBC NMR[1H, 13C] NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, CD3OD, experimental)bgnzk@missouri.eduMU Metabolomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia. MO, USADr. Bharat Goel2023-09-13View Spectrum
COSY NMR[1H, 1H] NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, CD3OD, experimental)bgnzk@missouri.eduMU Metabolomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia. MO, USADr. Bharat Goel2023-09-13View Spectrum
1D NMR[1H, ] NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, CD3OD, experimental)bgnzk@missouri.eduMU Metabolomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia. MO, USADr. Bharat Goel2023-09-13View Spectrum
1D NMR[1H, ] NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, CD3OD, experimental)bgnzk@missouri.eduMU Metabolomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia. MO, USADr. Bharat Goel2023-09-13View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, Dimethylsulfoxide-d6, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, Dimethylsulfoxide-d6, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 50 MHz, Dimethylsulfoxide-d6, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 150 MHz, Dimethylsulfoxide-d6, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 250 MHz, Dimethylsulfoxide-d6, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 175 MHz, Dimethylsulfoxide-d6, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 75 MHz, Dimethylsulfoxide-d6, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 225 MHz, Dimethylsulfoxide-d6, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, Dimethylsulfoxide-d6, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 125 MHz, Dimethylsulfoxide-d6, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 25 MHz, Dimethylsulfoxide-d6, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, Dimethylsulfoxide-d6, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, Dimethylsulfoxide-d6, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, Dimethylsulfoxide-d6, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, Dimethylsulfoxide-d6, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, Dimethylsulfoxide-d6, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, Dimethylsulfoxide-d6, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, Dimethylsulfoxide-d6, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, Dimethylsulfoxide-d6, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, Dimethylsulfoxide-d6, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600.133705802 MHz, CD3OD, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600.133705802 MHz, CD3OD, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
2D NMR[1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, 100%_DMSO, experimental)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
Predicted Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionDepositor IDDepositor OrganizationDepositorDeposition DateView
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 25 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 252 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 50 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 75 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 101 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 126 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 151 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 176 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 201 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 226 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 50 MHz, dmso, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 150 MHz, dmso, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 250 MHz, dmso, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 175 MHz, dmso, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 75 MHz, dmso, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, dmso, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 225 MHz, dmso, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, dmso, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 125 MHz, dmso, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 25 MHz, dmso, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, dmso, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, dmso, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, dmso, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, dmso, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, dmso, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, dmso, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, dmso, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, dmso, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, dmso, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, dmso, predicted)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
Chemical Shift Submissions
Spectrum TypeDescriptionDepositor IDDepositor OrganizationDepositorDeposition DateView
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, DMSO, simulated)V.dorna832021-07-19View Spectrum
Species
Species of Origin
Species NameSourceReference
Acca sellowianaKNApSAcK Database
Albizia julibrissinLOTUS Database
Albizia proceraKNApSAcK Database
Aloe veraKNApSAcK Database
Ammopiptanthus mongolicusLOTUS Database
Andira inermisLOTUS Database
Arabidopsis thalianaKNApSAcK Database
Arachis hypogaeaKNApSAcK Database
Astragalus verrucosusLOTUS Database
Begonia nantoensisLOTUS Database
Brassica oleraceaKNApSAcK Database
Brassica oleracea var. italicaFooDB
Bupleurum scorzonerifoliumKNApSAcK Database
Butea monospermaLOTUS Database
Cajanus cajanKNApSAcK Database
Cicer arietinumKNApSAcK Database
Cicer songaricumLOTUS Database
Cladrastis platycarpaLOTUS Database
Craspedolobium schochiiLOTUS Database
Crocus sativusPlant
Crotalaria assamicaKNApSAcK Database
Crotalaria pallidaKNApSAcK Database
Cullen corylifoliumPlant
Cytisus hirsutusLOTUS Database
Dalbergia ecastaphyllumKNApSAcK Database
Dalbergia frutescensLOTUS Database
Dalbergia odoriferaKNApSAcK Database
Dalbergia stevensoniiKNApSAcK Database
Derris oblongaKNApSAcK Database
Erycibe expansaKNApSAcK Database
Erythrina crista-galliKNApSAcK Database
Erythrina indicaKNApSAcK Database
Erythrina latissimaKNApSAcK Database
Erythrina orientalisKNApSAcK Database
Erythrina variegataPlant
Erythroxylum uleiKNApSAcK Database
Euchresta formosanaKNApSAcK Database
Feijoa sellowianaPlant
Genista corsicaKNApSAcK Database
Genista sessilifoliaLOTUS Database
Genista tinctoriaKNApSAcK Database
Glycine maxKNApSAcK Database
Glycine tomentellaLOTUS Database
Glycyrrhiza glabraKNApSAcK Database
Glycyrrhiza inflataKNApSAcK Database
Glycyrrhiza uralensisKNApSAcK Database
Helianthus annuus L.FooDB
Hericium erinaceusLOTUS Database
Leguminosae-
Lens culinarisFooDB
Lespedeza bicolorKNApSAcK Database
Lespedeza cyrtobotryaLOTUS Database
Maackia amurensisKNApSAcK Database
Medicago arabicaKNApSAcK Database
Medicago radiataLOTUS Database
Medicago sativaKNApSAcK Database
Medicago truncatulaKNApSAcK Database
Moringa oleiferaPlant
Moringa peregrinaPlant
Moringa stenopetalaPlant
Olea europaeaFooDB
Ophiocordyceps sinensisLOTUS Database
Ormosia henryiLOTUS Database
Oxytropis falcataLOTUS Database
Pericopsis angolensis Baker.KNApSAcK Database
Pericopsis eletaKNApSAcK Database
Pericopsis laxiflora Benth.KNApSAcK Database
Pericopsis moonianaKNApSAcK Database
Peuraria lobata-
Peuraria lobata var.thomsonii-
Peuraria omeinsis-
Phaseolus coccineusKNApSAcK Database
Phaseolus lunatusFooDB
Phaseolus spp.KNApSAcK Database
Phaseolus vulgarisKNApSAcK Database
Piptanthus nepalensisKNApSAcK Database
Pisum sativumKNApSAcK Database
Podocarpus amarusKNApSAcK Database
Podocytisus caramanicusLOTUS Database
Portulaca oleraceaLOTUS Database
Prumnopitys amaraLOTUS Database
Psoralea corylifoliaKNApSAcK Database
Pterocarpus marsupiumKNApSAcK Database
Pueraria calycinaKNApSAcK Database
Pueraria candollei var. mirificaKNApSAcK Database
Pueraria edulisKNApSAcK Database
Pueraria lobataKNApSAcK Database
Pueraria mirificaKNApSAcK Database
Pueraria montanaLOTUS Database
Pueraria peduncularisKNApSAcK Database
Pueraria PhaseoloidesKNApSAcK Database
Pueraria thunbergianaKNApSAcK Database
Pueraria tuberosaKNApSAcK Database
Punica granatumKNApSAcK Database
Retama raetamKNApSAcK Database
Sarcolobus globosus-
Solanum tuberosumFooDB
Sophora flavescensKNApSAcK Database
Sophora japonicaKNApSAcK Database
Sophora subprostrataKNApSAcK Database
Spatholobus suberectusLOTUS Database
Spirotropis longifoliaLOTUS Database
Streptomyces cavourensisLOTUS Database
Streptomyces globisporusLOTUS Database
Streptomyces olivaceusLOTUS Database
Streptomyces padanusLOTUS Database
Streptomyces xanthophaeusLOTUS Database
Styphnolobium japonicumPlant
Syzygium jambosLOTUS Database
Taxus fuanaKNApSAcK Database
Taxus wallichiana var. yunnanensisPlant
Taxus yunnanensisKNApSAcK Database
Thermopsis lupinoidesLOTUS Database
Trifolium alpestreLOTUS Database
Trifolium mediumLOTUS Database
Trifolium pratenseKNApSAcK Database
Trifolium repensKNApSAcK Database
Trifolium riograndensePlant
Trifolium subterraneumLOTUS Database
Trigonella foenum-graecumLOTUS Database
Tripterygium wilfordiiKNApSAcK Database
TriticumFooDB
Ulex europaeusKNApSAcK Database
Vaccinium macrocarponFooDB
Vicia fabaFooDB
Vigna angularisFooDB
Vigna radiataKNApSAcK Database
Vigna unguiculata ssp. unguiculataFooDB
Vitis vinifera L.FooDB
Wisteria brachybotrysLOTUS Database
Species Where Detected
Species NameSourceReference
Homo sapiens (Urine)KNApSAcK Database
Streptomyces xanthophaeus MD865-C3KNApSAcK Database
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as isoflavones. These are polycyclic compounds containing a 2-isoflavene skeleton which bears a ketone group at the C4 carbon atom.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassPhenylpropanoids and polyketides
ClassIsoflavonoids
Sub ClassIsoflav-2-enes
Direct ParentIsoflavones
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Isoflavone
  • Hydroxyisoflavonoid
  • Chromone
  • Benzopyran
  • 1-benzopyran
  • Pyranone
  • Phenol
  • 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid
  • Benzenoid
  • Monocyclic benzene moiety
  • Pyran
  • Heteroaromatic compound
  • Oxacycle
  • Organoheterocyclic compound
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic oxide
  • Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point323 °CNot Available
Boiling Point512.00 to 513.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)The Good Scents Company Information System
Water Solubility568.4 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)The Good Scents Company Information System
LogP2.632 (est)The Good Scents Company Information System
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.085 g/LALOGPS
logP3.3ALOGPS
logP2.73ChemAxon
logS-3.5ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)6.48ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-5.3ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count4ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area66.76 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count1ChemAxon
Refractivity69.7 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability25.75 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings3ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
HMDB IDHMDB0003312
DrugBank IDDB13182
Phenol Explorer Compound ID394
FoodDB IDFDB093497
KNApSAcK IDC00009380
Chemspider ID4445025
KEGG Compound IDC10208
BioCyc IDDAIDZEIN
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkDaidzein
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound5281708
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID28197
Good Scents IDrw1504461
References
General References
  1. Jackman KA, Woodman OL, Sobey CG: Isoflavones, equol and cardiovascular disease: pharmacological and therapeutic insights. Curr Med Chem. 2007;14(26):2824-30. [PubMed:18045128 ]
  2. Yuan JP, Wang JH, Liu X: Metabolism of dietary soy isoflavones to equol by human intestinal microflora--implications for health. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2007 Jul;51(7):765-81. [PubMed:17579894 ]
  3. Antignac JP, Cariou R, Le Bizec B, Cravedi JP, Andre F: Identification of phytoestrogens in bovine milk using liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2003;17(12):1256-1264. doi: 10.1002/rcm.1052. [PubMed:12811748 ]
  4. Steinshamn H, Purup S, Thuen E, Hansen-Moller J: Effects of clover-grass silages and concentrate supplementation on the content of phytoestrogens in dairy cow milk. J Dairy Sci. 2008 Jul;91(7):2715-25. doi: 10.3168/jds.2007-0857. [PubMed:18565930 ]
  5. Nielsen TS, Norgaard JV, Purup S, Frette XC, Bonefeld-Jorgensen EC: Estrogenic activity of bovine milk high or low in equol using immature mouse uterotrophic responses and an estrogen receptor transactivation assay. Cancer Epidemiol. 2009 Jul;33(1):61-8. doi: 10.1016/j.canep.2009.04.003. Epub 2009 May 31. [PubMed:19679050 ]